Neural Crest Development: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
(28 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
[[File:Stage11 sem21.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Human embryo week 4 neural crest cells|Human embryo neural crest cells ([[Week 4]], [[Carnegie stage 11|stage 11]])]] | [[File:Stage11 sem21.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Human embryo week 4 neural crest cells|Human embryo neural crest cells ([[Week 4]], [[Carnegie stage 11|stage 11]])]] | ||
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells. | The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells. | ||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming [[E#ectomesenchyme|ectomesenchyme]] contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in [[Neural System Development|Neural Notes]]. | In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming [[E#ectomesenchyme|ectomesenchyme]] contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in [[Neural System Development|Neural Notes]]. | ||
Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.<ref name=Marshall1879>Marshall, A. [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|'''Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ''']] Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340.</ref> (see [[#Historic|history below]] and [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|original article]]). | |||
{{Neural Crest Links}} | {{Neural Crest Links}} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Historic Embryology | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* Marshall, A. [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ]] Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340. | |||
* Baxter JS. and Boyd JD. [[Paper - Observations on the Neural Crest of a Ten-Somite Human Embryo|Observations on The Neural Crest of a Ten-Somite Human Embryo]] (1939) J Anat. 73:318–326. PMID 17104759 | |||
|} | |||
== Some Recent Findings == | == Some Recent Findings == | ||
[[File:Zebrafish_neural_crest_model.jpg|thumb|alt=Zebrafish neura crest model|Zebrafish neura crest model<ref name="PMID23028350"><pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002938 PLoS Genet.]</ref>]] | [[File:Zebrafish_neural_crest_model.jpg|thumb|alt=Zebrafish neura crest model|Zebrafish neura crest model<ref name="PMID23028350"><pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002938 PLoS Genet.]</ref>]] | ||
Line 18: | Line 29: | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* '''Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes craniofacial neural crest induction from human pluripotent stem cells'''<ref name="PMID26934293"><pubmed>26934293</pubmed></ref> "Neural crest (NC) cells are a group of cells located in the neural folds at the boundary between the neural and epidermal ectoderm. Cranial NC cells migrate to the branchial arches and give rise to the majority of the craniofacial region, whereas trunk and tail NC cells contribute to the heart, enteric ganglia of the gut, melanocytes, sympathetic ganglia, and adrenal chromaffin cells. ...These BMP4-treated NC cells were capable of differentiation into osteocytes and chondrocytes. The results of the present study indicate that BMP4 regulates cranial positioning during NC development." [[Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein|Bone Morphogenetic Protein]] | |||
* '''An essential role of variant histone h3.3 for ectomesenchyme potential of the cranial neural crest'''<ref name="PMID23028350"><pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002938 PLoS Genet.]</ref> "The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific cell population that exhibits remarkable multipotency. Although derived from the neural plate border (NPB) ectoderm, cranial NC (CNC) cells contribute not only to the peripheral nervous system but also to the ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton. ...Surprisingly, embryo-wide expression of dominant mutant H3.3 had little effect on embryonic development outside CNC, indicating an unexpectedly specific sensitivity of CNC to defects in H3.3 incorporation. Whereas previous studies had implicated H3.3 in large-scale histone replacement events that generate totipotency during germ line development, our work has revealed an additional role of H3.3 in the broad potential of the ectoderm-derived CNC, including the ability to make the mesoderm-like ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton." | * '''An essential role of variant histone h3.3 for ectomesenchyme potential of the cranial neural crest'''<ref name="PMID23028350"><pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002938 PLoS Genet.]</ref> "The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific cell population that exhibits remarkable multipotency. Although derived from the neural plate border (NPB) ectoderm, cranial NC (CNC) cells contribute not only to the peripheral nervous system but also to the ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton. ...Surprisingly, embryo-wide expression of dominant mutant H3.3 had little effect on embryonic development outside CNC, indicating an unexpectedly specific sensitivity of CNC to defects in H3.3 incorporation. Whereas previous studies had implicated H3.3 in large-scale histone replacement events that generate totipotency during germ line development, our work has revealed an additional role of H3.3 in the broad potential of the ectoderm-derived CNC, including the ability to make the mesoderm-like ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton." | ||
* '''Dbx1-expressing cells are necessary for the survival of the mammalian anterior neural and craniofacial structures'''<ref><pubmed>21552538</pubmed></ref> "Development of the vertebrate forebrain and craniofacial structures are intimately linked processes, the coordinated growth of these tissues being required to ensure normal head formation. In this study, we identify five small subsets of progenitors expressing the transcription factor dbx1 in the cephalic region of developing mouse embryos at E8.5. ... Our results demonstrate that dbx1-expressing cells have a unique function during head development, notably by controlling cell survival in a non cell-autonomous manner." | * '''Dbx1-expressing cells are necessary for the survival of the mammalian anterior neural and craniofacial structures'''<ref><pubmed>21552538</pubmed></ref> "Development of the vertebrate forebrain and craniofacial structures are intimately linked processes, the coordinated growth of these tissues being required to ensure normal head formation. In this study, we identify five small subsets of progenitors expressing the transcription factor dbx1 in the cephalic region of developing mouse embryos at E8.5. ... Our results demonstrate that dbx1-expressing cells have a unique function during head development, notably by controlling cell survival in a non cell-autonomous manner." | ||
Line 25: | Line 37: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! More recent papers | ! More recent papers | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | ||
Line 33: | Line 45: | ||
<pubmed limit=5>Neural Crest Embryology</pubmed> | <pubmed limit=5>Neural Crest Embryology</pubmed> | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Neural crest formation stages 01.jpg|800px]] | |||
Neural crest formation stages and gene regulatory networks<ref name="PMID25903629"><pubmed>25903629</pubmed>| [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7548/full/nature14436.html Nature]</ref> | |||
{{Neural Crest table}} | |||
==Neural Crest Migration== | ==Neural Crest Migration== | ||
{| border='0px' | {| border='0px' | ||
Line 63: | Line 81: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg|80px]] | | [[File:The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg|80px]] | ||
| Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. | | Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection). | ||
* [http://www. | * [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=1430154&pg=411 Nervous System] | ||
* [http://www. | * [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=1430154&pg=181 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]] | | [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]] | ||
| Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i> (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. | | Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i> (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. The following chapter links only work with a [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=2074524 UNSW Library subscription] | ||
* Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral Nervous System | |||
* Chapter 16 - Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face | |||
* [http://www. | |- | ||
| colspan=2|Additional Resources | |||
* Developmental Biology. 6th edition. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065 The Neural Crest] | |||
* Nelms BL, Labosky PA. Transcriptional Control of Neural Crest Development. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53145/ | |||
* Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM. The Contribution of the Neural Crest to the Vertebrate Body. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6098/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 89: | Line 111: | ||
* '''migration''' - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches | * '''migration''' - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches | ||
* craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face | * craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face | ||
* pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles) and jaw (mandible) | * pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles), stria vascularis cells, and jaw (mandible) | ||
{| | |||
! Cochlea - Stria Vascularis | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Mouse organ of corti 02.jpg|200px]] | |||
| [[File:Mouse organ of corti 04.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2|Inner ear cochlea, showing the stria vascularis intermediate cells that are derived from neural crest. | |||
<br>[[Hearing - Inner Ear Development]] | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
! Eye - Cornea | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Stage_22_image_212.jpg|300px|alt=Human embryonic cornea]] | |||
| [[File:Mouse eye neural crest cornea 01.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
| Human embryonic cornea detail ([[Week 8]], [[Carnegie stage 22]])]] | |||
| Mouse cornea layers | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2|The adult eye cornea has three layers: an outer epithelium layer (ectoderm), a middle stromal layer of collagen-rich extracellular matrix between stromal keratocytes (neural crest) and an inner layer of endothelial cells (neural crest) | |||
<br>[[Vision - Cornea Development]] | |||
|} | |||
Carotid body are chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid (3rd pharyngeal arch) <ref name=PMID8400021><pubmed>8400021</pubmed></ref> <ref name=PMID22902512><pubmed>22902512</pubmed></ref> | |||
===Cardiac neural crest=== | ===Cardiac neural crest=== | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
* '''migration''' - located between the cranial and trunk neural crests, overlapping the anterior portion of the vagal neural crest. | * '''migration''' - located between the cranial and trunk neural crests, overlapping the anterior portion of the vagal neural crest. | ||
* pharyngeal arches - (3,4,6) melanocytes, neurons, cartilage, and connective tissue | * pharyngeal arches - (3,4,6) melanocytes, neurons, cartilage, and connective tissue | ||
* heart outflow tract - aortic arch/pulmonary artery septum, large arteries wall musculoconnective tissue | * heart outflow tract - aortic arch/pulmonary artery septum, large arteries wall musculoconnective tissue | ||
<br> | |||
[[Neural Crest - Cardiac]] | |||
| [[File:Cardiac Neural Crest Migration.jpg|300px|alt=Cardiac Neural Crest Migration]] | |||
Cardiac Neural Crest Migration | |||
|} | |||
===Trunk neural crest=== | ===Trunk neural crest=== | ||
* '''migration''' - two major pathways over somites (dorsolaterally) and between somite and neural tube (ventrolaterally) | * '''migration''' - two major pathways over somites (dorsolaterally) and between somite and neural tube (ventrolaterally) | ||
Line 101: | Line 156: | ||
* ventrolaterally - dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, aortic nerve clusters | * ventrolaterally - dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, aortic nerve clusters | ||
====para-aortic body==== | |||
(organ of Zuckerkandl, OZ) A neural crest derived chromaffin body, anatomically located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Thought to act as a fetal regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation.<ref name="PMID13107111"><pubmed>13107111</pubmed></ref>In human, reaches its maximal size at 3 years of age and then regresses either by death, dispersion or differentiation.<ref name="PMID23078542"><pubmed>23078542</pubmed></ref> | |||
Named in 1901 by Emil Zuckerkandl (1849-1910) a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist at the University of Vienna. | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Cardiovascular System Development]] | |||
===Vagal and sacral neural crest=== | ===Vagal and sacral neural crest=== | ||
* '''migration''' - ventrally into surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme of gastrointestinal tract | * '''migration''' - ventrally into surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme of gastrointestinal tract | ||
Line 151: | Line 212: | ||
==Historic== | ==Historic== | ||
The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref | The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref name=Marshall1879>Marshall, A. [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|'''Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ''']] Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340.</ref>, was historically the first time the term "''neural crest''" was used. In his own earlier papers he had referred to this as a "neural ridge" in describing development of the chicken embryo neural tube. | ||
See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: | See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: | ||
: | :"I take this opportunity to make a slight alteration in the nomenclature adopted in my former paper. I have there suggested the term ''neural ridge'' for the longitudinal ridge of cells which grows out from the reentering angle between the external epiblast and the neural canal, and from which the nerves, whether cranial or spinal, arise. Since this ridge appears before closure of the neural canal is effected, there are manifestly ''two'' neural ridges, one on either side ; but I have also applied the same term, ''neural ridge'', to the single outgrowth formed by the fusion of the neural ridges of the two sides after complete closure of the neural canal is effected, and after the external epiblast has become completely separated from the neural canal. I propose in future to speak of this single median outgrowth as the '''''neural crest''''', limiting the term ''neural ridge'' to the former acceptation. Thus, while there are two neural ridges, there is only one neural crest, a distinction that will be at once evident on reference to my former figures." | ||
:'''Links:''' [[Embryology History]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Line 167: | Line 229: | ||
===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
<pubmed></pubmed> | |||
<pubmed>25903629</pubmed> | |||
<pubmed>21309066</pubmed> | <pubmed>21309066</pubmed> | ||
<pubmed>21309065</pubmed> | <pubmed>21309065</pubmed> | ||
Line 173: | Line 237: | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
<pubmed>17848161</pubmed> | |||
<pubmed></pubmed> | |||
<pubmed></pubmed> | |||
===Search PubMed=== | ===Search PubMed=== | ||
Search | '''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=neural+crest+development Neural Crest Development] | ||
{{References footer}} | |||
==Additional Images== | ==Additional Images== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Mouse E9.5 neural crest - Crabp1, Sox10, Pax3.jpg|Mouse E9.5 neural crest - Crabp1, Sox10, Pax3 PMID 24409333 | |||
File:Model neural crest mesenchymal condensation.jpg|Model neural crest mesenchymal condensation | |||
File:Cardiac_Neural_Crest_Migration.jpg|Cardiac Neural Crest Migration | File:Cardiac_Neural_Crest_Migration.jpg|Cardiac Neural Crest Migration | ||
File:Hindbrain_neural_crest_migration.jpg|Hindbrain neural crest migration | File:Hindbrain_neural_crest_migration.jpg|Hindbrain neural crest migration | ||
File:Mouse_head_E9-neural_crest_GFP.jpg|Mouse head E9 neural crest GFP | File:Mouse_head_E9-neural_crest_GFP.jpg|Mouse head E9 neural crest GFP | ||
</gallery> | |||
===Historic Images=== | |||
{{Historic Disclaimer}} | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Gray0848.jpg|Great plexuses of the sympathetic system | File:Gray0848.jpg|Great plexuses of the sympathetic system | ||
File:Bailey366.jpg | File:Bailey366.jpg | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
{{Glossary}} | {{Glossary}} |
Revision as of 20:05, 16 March 2017
Embryology - 25 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells.
In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia) consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming ectomesenchyme contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in Neural Notes.
Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.[1] (see history below and original article).
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
|
Historic Embryology |
---|
|
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Neural Crest Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Neural Crest Embryology</pubmed> |
Neural crest formation stages and gene regulatory networks[8]
System | Cell Type |
---|---|
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Neurons - sensory ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, enteric nervous system, and plexuses
Glia (neuroglial cells) - Schwann cells[9], satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells[10] |
endocrine | Adrenal medulla Calcitonin-secreting cells Carotid body type I cells |
integumentary | Epidermal pigment cells melanocyte |
Facial cartilage and bone | Facial and anterior ventral skull cartilage and bones |
Sensory | inner ear, cornea endothelium and stroma |
Connective tissue | tooth odontoblast
smooth muscle, and adipose tissue of skin in head and neck Connective tissue of meninges, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid, and pituitary glands Connective tissue and smooth muscle in arteries of aortic arch origin |
Links: neural crest | Category:Neural Crest | Neural Crest collapsible table |
Neural Crest Migration
Movie Source: Original Neural Crest movies kindly provided by Paul Kulesa.[11]
Neural crest migration Chicken Head (movies overview) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Neural Crest Movies: Migration 01 | Migration 02 | Migration 03 | Migration 04 | Migration 05 | Migration 06 | Migration 07
Textbooks
Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved April 25, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
| ||||||
Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection). | ||||||
Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. The following chapter links only work with a UNSW Library subscription
| ||||||
Additional Resources
|
Objectives
- Understand the structures derived from ectoderm.
- Understand the formation of neural folds.
- Identify the initial location of neural crest cells in the trilaminar embryo.
- Identify pathways of neural crest migration throughout the embryo.
- To know the major tissues to which neural crest cells contribute.
- To know how abnormalities in development that result from abnormal neural crest cell migration.
- Understand how neural crest cells contribute to the pharyngeal arches and the head structures they form.
Neural Crest Derivatives
A key feature of neural crest is the migration into other embryonic tissues to form specific neural and non-neural populations and structures.
Cranial neural crest
- migration - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches
- craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face
- pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles), stria vascularis cells, and jaw (mandible)
Cochlea - Stria Vascularis | |
---|---|
Inner ear cochlea, showing the stria vascularis intermediate cells that are derived from neural crest. |
Eye - Cornea | |
---|---|
Human embryonic cornea detail (Week 8, Carnegie stage 22)]] | Mouse cornea layers |
The adult eye cornea has three layers: an outer epithelium layer (ectoderm), a middle stromal layer of collagen-rich extracellular matrix between stromal keratocytes (neural crest) and an inner layer of endothelial cells (neural crest) |
Carotid body are chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid (3rd pharyngeal arch) [12] [13]
Cardiac neural crest
Trunk neural crest
- migration - two major pathways over somites (dorsolaterally) and between somite and neural tube (ventrolaterally)
- dorsolateral - skin melanocytes
- ventrolaterally - dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, aortic nerve clusters
para-aortic body
(organ of Zuckerkandl, OZ) A neural crest derived chromaffin body, anatomically located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Thought to act as a fetal regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation.[14]In human, reaches its maximal size at 3 years of age and then regresses either by death, dispersion or differentiation.[15]
Named in 1901 by Emil Zuckerkandl (1849-1910) a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist at the University of Vienna.
Vagal and sacral neural crest
- migration - ventrally into surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme of gastrointestinal tract
- splanchnic mesenchyme - parasympathetic (enteric) ganglia of the gut
Development Overview
The following cranial and trunk data is based upon 185 serially sectioned staged (Carnegie) human embryos.[16]
Cranial Neural Crest
- stage 9 - an indication of mesencephalic neural crest
- stage 10 - trigeminal, facial, and postotic components
- stage 11 - crest-free zones are soon observable in rhombomere 1, 3, and 5
- stage 12 - rhombomeres 6 and 7 neural crest migrate to pharyngeal arch 3 and then rostrad to the truncus arteriosus
- stage 13 - nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are last of the cranial crest to appear
stages 9-14 - otic vesicle primordium descends
Vagal Neural Crest
Recent research suggests that the vagal neural crest cells are a transitional population that has evolved between the head and the trunk, taking separate pathways to the both the heart and to the gut.[17][18]
Trunk Neural Crest
Spinal ganglia increase in number over time and are in phase with the somites, though not their centre. There are 3 migratory pathways: ventrolateral between dermatomyotome and sclerotome, ventromedial between neural tube and sclerotomes, and lateral between surface ectoderm and dermatomyotome.
- stage 13 - about 19 present
- stage 14 - about 33 present
- stage 15-23 - 30–35 ganglia
Neck and Shoulder
A mouse study using individually labelled cells of postotic neural crest followed the development of the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.[19]
- Clavicle is a neural crest-mesodermal structure, posterior dermal clavicle mesoderm.
- Cryptic cell boundaries traverse apparently homogeneous skeleton of the neck and shoulders.
- Bones and muscles code of connectivity that mesenchymal stem cells of both neural crest and mesodermal origin obey
- Neural crest anchors the head onto the anterior lining of the shoulder girdle
- Hox-gene-controlled mesoderm links trunk muscles to the posterior neck and shoulder skeleton.
- Skeleton identified as neural crest-derived is affected in human Klippel-Feil syndrome, Sprengel's deformity and Arnold-Chiari I/II malformation.
Skin Melanocytes
Mouse melanocyte migration[20] | Movie Mouse Skin - Melanoblast Migration E14.5[21] |
Historic
The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)[1], was historically the first time the term "neural crest" was used. In his own earlier papers he had referred to this as a "neural ridge" in describing development of the chicken embryo neural tube.
See paper text and his referenced comment:
- "I take this opportunity to make a slight alteration in the nomenclature adopted in my former paper. I have there suggested the term neural ridge for the longitudinal ridge of cells which grows out from the reentering angle between the external epiblast and the neural canal, and from which the nerves, whether cranial or spinal, arise. Since this ridge appears before closure of the neural canal is effected, there are manifestly two neural ridges, one on either side ; but I have also applied the same term, neural ridge, to the single outgrowth formed by the fusion of the neural ridges of the two sides after complete closure of the neural canal is effected, and after the external epiblast has become completely separated from the neural canal. I propose in future to speak of this single median outgrowth as the neural crest, limiting the term neural ridge to the former acceptation. Thus, while there are two neural ridges, there is only one neural crest, a distinction that will be at once evident on reference to my former figures."
- Links: Embryology History
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Marshall, A. Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>26934293</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21552538</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20478300</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20399765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20360764</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25903629</pubmed>| Nature
- ↑ Woodhoo A & Sommer L. (2008). Development of the Schwann cell lineage: from the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia , 56, 1481-90. PMID: 18803317 DOI.
- ↑ Barraud P, Seferiadis AA, Tyson LD, Zwart MF, Szabo-Rogers HL, Ruhrberg C, Liu KJ & Baker CV. (2010). Neural crest origin of olfactory ensheathing glia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 21040-5. PMID: 21078992 DOI.
- ↑ <pubmed>10683170</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8400021</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22902512</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>13107111</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23078542</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17848161</pubmed>| PMC2375817 | J Anat.
- ↑ <pubmed>20962585</pubmed>
- ↑ Bryan R. Kuo, Carol A. Erickson Vagal neural crest cell migratory behavior: A transition between the cranial and trunk crest. Volume 240, Issue 9, pages 2084–2100, September 2011 Dev Dynamics
- ↑ <pubmed>16034409</pubmed>| PMC1352163| Nature
- ↑ <pubmed>16277556</pubmed>| PLoS Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>20067551</pubmed>| PMC2859249
Books
Trainor, P. (ed) Neural crest cells: evolution, development and disease. ISBN: 978-0-12-401730-6 ScienceDirect Nelms BL, Labosky PA. Transcriptional Control of Neural Crest Development. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. PMID 21452438
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>25903629</pubmed> <pubmed>21309066</pubmed> <pubmed>21309065</pubmed> <pubmed>21295685</pubmed> <pubmed>21452438</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>17848161</pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Neural Crest Development
NCBI - Policies and Guidelines | PubMed | Help:Reference Tutorial
Additional Images
Historic Images
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
---|
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 25) Embryology Neural Crest Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G