Neural - Prosencephalon Development

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Introduction

Stage10 sem6.jpg

Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.

The early central nervous system begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a groove then tube, open initially at each end. Failure of these opening to close contributes a major class of neural abnormalities (neural tube defects).

Within the neural tube stem cells generate the 2 major classes of cells that make the majority of the nervous system : neurons and glia. Both these classes of cells differentiate into many different types generated with highly specialized functions and shapes. This section covers the establishment of neural populations, the inductive influences of surrounding tissues and the sequential generation of neurons establishing the layered structure seen in the brain and spinal cord.

  • Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system.
  • Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections.


Neural Links: ectoderm | neural | neural crest | ventricular | sensory | Stage 22 | gliogenesis | neural fetal | Medicine Lecture - Neural | Lecture - Ectoderm | Lecture - Neural Crest | Lab - Early Neural | neural abnormalities | folic acid | iodine deficiency | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | neural postnatal | neural examination | Histology | Historic Neural | Category:Neural
Neural Parts: neural | prosencephalon | telencephalon cerebrum | amygdala | hippocampus | basal ganglia | diencephalon | epithalamus | thalamus | hypothalamus‎ | pituitary | pineal | mesencephalon | tectum | rhombencephalon | metencephalon | pons | cerebellum | myelencephalon | medulla oblongata | spinal cord | neural vascular | ventricular | lateral ventricles | third ventricle | cerebral aqueduct | fourth ventricle | central canal | meninges | Category:Ventricular System | Category:Neural

Some Recent Findings

Developing mouse forebrain Robo3 expression[1]
  • Development of laminar organization of the fetal cerebrum[2] "Heads of 131 fetal specimens of 14-40 weeks gestational age (GA) were scanned by 3.0T MRI. Eleven fetal specimens of 14-27 weeks GA were scanned by 7.0T MRI. On T(1)-weighted 3.0T MRI, layers could be visualized at 14 weeks GA and appeared clearer after 18 weeks GA. On 7.0T MRI, four zones could be recognized at 14 weeks GA. During 15-22 weeks GA, when laminar organization appeared typical, seven layers including the periventricular zone and external capsule fibers could be differentiated, which corresponded to seven zones in histological stained sections. At 23-28 weeks GA, laminar organization appeared less typical, and borderlines among them appeared obscured. After 30 weeks GA, it disappeared and turned into mature-like structures. The developing lamination appeared the most distinguishable at the parieto-occipital part of brain and peripheral regions of the hippocampus. The migrating thalamocortical afferents were probably delineated as a high signal layer located at the lower, middle, and upper part of the subplate zone at 16-28 weeks GA on T(1)-weighted 3.0T MRI."
More recent papers  
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  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Prosencephalon Development | Prosencephalon Embryology | Prosencephalon

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

Development Overview

Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.

Early developmental sequence: Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest


Neural Tube Development
Neural Tube Primary Vesicles Secondary Vesicles Adult Structures
week 3 week 4 week 5 adult
neural plate
neural groove
neural tube

Brain
 prosencephalon (forebrain) telencephalon Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus‎, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles
diencephalon epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle
mesencephalon (midbrain) mesencephalon tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) metencephalon cerebellum
myelencephalon medulla oblongata, isthmus
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal

Primary Vesicles

Brain primary vesicle development (Carnegie stage 13)

CNS primary vesicles.jpg


Additional Images

Historic

Human Embryology And Morphology (1921)
Keith, A. Human Embryology And Morphology (1921) Longmans, Green & Co.:New York.

9 Fore-Brain and 10 Fore-Brain Cerebral Vesicles

  • Fig. 94. Brain of a Larval Fish primary form and relations of the fore-brain.

    Fig. 94. Brain of a Larval Fish primary form and relations of the fore-brain.

  • Fig. 95. The Brain of the Lamprey from above.

    Fig. 95. The Brain of the Lamprey from above.

  • Fig. 96. Fore-Brain at the beginning and end of the 4th week.

    Fig. 96. Fore-Brain at the beginning and end of the 4th week.

  • Fig. 97. The Thalamencephalon towards the end of the 6th week.

    Fig. 97. The Thalamencephalon towards the end of the 6th week.

  • Fig. 98. Embryonic Fore-Brain various parts linked to sensory tracts.

    Fig. 98. Embryonic Fore-Brain various parts linked to sensory tracts.

  • Fig. 99. Pituitary Body of a Human Foetus in the 5th month.

    Fig. 99. Pituitary Body of a Human Foetus in the 5th month.

  • Fig. 100. Pineal Body and its commissure and ganglion.

    Fig. 100. Pineal Body and its commissure and ganglion.

  • Fig. 101. Pituitary Body of a Pup Dog-Fish.

    Fig. 101. Pituitary Body of a Pup Dog-Fish.

  • Fig. 102. Development of the Pituitary.

    Fig. 102. Development of the Pituitary.

  • Fig. 103. Pituitary Body of a Human Foetus at the beginning of the 4th month.

    Fig. 103. Pituitary Body of a Human Foetus at the beginning of the 4th month.

  • Fig. 104. The Pineal Gland and Sense Organ in a Lizard.

    Fig. 104. The Pineal Gland and Sense Organ in a Lizard.

  • Fig. 105. Showing stages of development of the Pineal Body in the roof of the Fore-Brain

    Fig. 105. Showing stages of development of the Pineal Body in the roof of the Fore-Brain

  • Fig. 106. Cerebral Vesicle and the formation of the Corpus Striatum on its floor, during the 6th week.

    Fig. 106. Cerebral Vesicle and the formation of the Corpus Striatum on its floor, during the 6th week.

  • Fig. 107. Expansion of the left Cerebral Vesicle as seen on its lateral aspect.

    Fig. 107. Expansion of the left Cerebral Vesicle as seen on its lateral aspect.

  • Fig. 108. Fore- and Mid-Brain at the 6th week of development.

    Fig. 108. Fore- and Mid-Brain at the 6th week of development.

  • Fig. 109. 3rd and lateral Ventricles of the Adult.

    Fig. 109. 3rd and lateral Ventricles of the Adult.

  • Fig. 110. Turtle's Cerebral Vesicle and Primitive Mammalian Cerebrum.

    Fig. 110. Turtle's Cerebral Vesicle and Primitive Mammalian Cerebrum.

  • Fig. 111. Differentiation of the Pallial Wall of the Cerebral Vesicle.

    Fig. 111. Differentiation of the Pallial Wall of the Cerebral Vesicle.

  • Fig. 112. Left Hemisphere of the Brain of a primitive vertebrate brain anterior to the Lamina Terminalis.

    Fig. 112. Left Hemisphere of the Brain of a primitive vertebrate brain anterior to the Lamina Terminalis.

  • Fig. 113. Coronal section of the right half of the Cerebral Vesicle of a Primitive Type of Mammal.

    Fig. 113. Coronal section of the right half of the Cerebral Vesicle of a Primitive Type of Mammal.

  • Fig. 114. Lateral Aspect of the Cerebrum of a Primitive Mammal.

    Fig. 114. Lateral Aspect of the Cerebrum of a Primitive Mammal.

  • Fig. 115. The Anterior, Hippocampal and Callosal Commissures.

    Fig. 115. The Anterior, Hippocampal and Callosal Commissures.

  • Fig. 116. Mesial Aspect of the Brain of a Human Foetus in 4th month.

    Fig. 116. Mesial Aspect of the Brain of a Human Foetus in 4th month.

  • Fig. 117. Mesial aspect of the Cerebral Vesicle of a Foetus about 3 months old.

    Fig. 117. Mesial aspect of the Cerebral Vesicle of a Foetus about 3 months old.

  • Fig. 118. Structures formed in the Lamina Terminalis and Primitive Callosal Gyrus.

    Fig. 118. Structures formed in the Lamina Terminalis and Primitive Callosal Gyrus.

  • Fig. 119. Lateral Aspect of the Cerebral Hemisphere at the end of the 2nd month

    Fig. 119. Lateral Aspect of the Cerebral Hemisphere at the end of the 2nd month

  • Fig. 120. The same Aspect during the 5th month.

    Fig. 120. The same Aspect during the 5th month.

  • Fig. 121. The same Aspect during the 7th month.

    Fig. 121. The same Aspect during the 7th month.

  • Fig. 122. Opercula and Fissure of Sylvius.

    Fig. 122. Opercula and Fissure of Sylvius.

  • Fig. 123. The Island of Reil and Fissures on the Lateral Aspect of the Brain of a dog-like Ape.

    Fig. 123. The Island of Reil and Fissures on the Lateral Aspect of the Brain of a dog-like Ape.

  • Fig. 124. The more common condition of the Island of Reil in Anthropoids.

    Fig. 124. The more common condition of the Island of Reil in Anthropoids.

  • Fig. 125. The Fissures on the Lateral Aspect of a typical Mammalian Brain.

    Fig. 125. The Fissures on the Lateral Aspect of a typical Mammalian Brain.

  • Fig. 126. The Lateral Aspect of the Occipital Lobe of a Human Brain

    Fig. 126. The Lateral Aspect of the Occipital Lobe of a Human Brain

  • Fig. 127. The Mesial Aspect of the Occipital Lobe of a Human Brain

    Fig. 127. The Mesial Aspect of the Occipital Lobe of a Human Brain

  • Fig. 128. Arteries of the Brain end of the first month.

    Fig. 128. Arteries of the Brain end of the first month.

  • Fig. 129. The Primitive Vein of the Head and its tributaries in the 6th week

    Fig. 129. The Primitive Vein of the Head and its tributaries in the 6th week

References

  1. ↑ Barber M, Di Meglio T, Andrews WD, Hernández-Miranda LR, Murakami F, Chédotal A & Parnavelas JG. (2009). The role of Robo3 in the development of cortical interneurons. Cereb. Cortex , 19 Suppl 1, i22-31. PMID: 19366869 DOI.
  2. ↑ Zhang Z, Liu S, Lin X, Teng G, Yu T, Fang F & Zang F. (2011). Development of laminar organization of the fetal cerebrum at 3.0T and 7.0T: a postmortem MRI study. Neuroradiology , 53, 177-84. PMID: 20981415 DOI.

Reviews

Hoch RV, Rubenstein JL & Pleasure S. (2009). Genes and signaling events that establish regional patterning of the mammalian forebrain. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , 20, 378-86. PMID: 19560042 DOI.

Lindwall C, Fothergill T & Richards LJ. (2007). Commissure formation in the mammalian forebrain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , 17, 3-14. PMID: 17275286 DOI.

Bertrand N & Dahmane N. (2006). Sonic hedgehog signaling in forebrain development and its interactions with pathways that modify its effects. Trends Cell Biol. , 16, 597-605. PMID: 17030124 DOI.

Rhinn M, Picker A & Brand M. (2006). Global and local mechanisms of forebrain and midbrain patterning. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , 16, 5-12. PMID: 16418000 DOI.

Marín O & Rubenstein JL. (2003). Cell migration in the forebrain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , 26, 441-83. PMID: 12626695 DOI.

Rallu M, Corbin JG & Fishell G. (2002). Parsing the prosencephalon. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , 3, 943-51. PMID: 12461551 DOI.

Articles

Ohkubo Y, Chiang C & Rubenstein JL. (2002). Coordinate regulation and synergistic actions of BMP4, SHH and FGF8 in the rostral prosencephalon regulate morphogenesis of the telencephalic and optic vesicles. Neuroscience , 111, 1-17. PMID: 11955708

Hidalgo-Sánchez M & Alvarado-Mallart RM. (2002). Temporal sequence of gene expression leading caudal prosencephalon to develop a midbrain/hindbrain phenotype. Dev. Dyn. , 223, 141-7. PMID: 11803577 DOI.

Crossley PH, Martinez S, Ohkubo Y & Rubenstein JL. (2001). Coordinate expression of Fgf8, Otx2, Bmp4, and Shh in the rostral prosencephalon during development of the telencephalic and optic vesicles. Neuroscience , 108, 183-206. PMID: 11734354

Ulfig N, Neudörfer F & Bohl J. (1999). Distribution patterns of vimentin-immunoreactive structures in the human prosencephalon during the second half of gestation. J. Anat. , 195 ( Pt 1), 87-100. PMID: 10473296

Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Simeone A & Alvarado-Mallart RM. (1999). Fgf8 and Gbx2 induction concomitant with Otx2 repression is correlated with midbrain-hindbrain fate of caudal prosencephalon. Development , 126, 3191-203. PMID: 10375509

Sztriha L, Várady E, Hertecant J & Nork M. (1998). Mediobasal and mantle defect of the prosencephalon: lobar holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly and diabetes insipidus. Neuropediatrics , 29, 272-5. PMID: 9810564 DOI.

Nakamura H, Matsui KA, Takagi S & Fujisawa H. (1991). Projection of the retinal ganglion cells to the tectum differentiated from the prosencephalon. Neurosci. Res. , 11, 189-97. PMID: 1661870

Couly GF & Le Douarin NM. (1985). Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras. I. Developmental relationships between placodes, facial ectoderm, and prosencephalon. Dev. Biol. , 110, 422-39. PMID: 4018406

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Neural - Prosencephalon Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Prosencephalon_Development

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