Neural - Cerebrum Development: Difference between revisions
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==Cortical Neurons== | ==Cortical Neurons== | ||
Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are some of the earliest generated cortical neurons and migrate from the borders of the developing pallium to cover the cortical primordium. These early forming neurons then control the radial migration of neurons and the formation of cortical layers. In mice, this has been shown by these cells secreting the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin (Reln). | Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are some of the earliest generated cortical neurons and migrate from the borders of the developing pallium to cover the cortical primordium. These early forming neurons then control the radial migration of neurons and the formation of cortical layers. In mice, this has been shown by these cells secreting the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin (Reln) and it has been suggested that these cells also fine tune multiple signaling pathways underlying the regulation of cortical regionalization.<ref><pubmed>20668538</pubmed>| [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000440 PLoS Biol.]</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == |
Revision as of 19:45, 14 December 2010
Introduction
The brain as it is generally recognised. The cerebral cortex like other neural structures has a laminar organization. In development this lamination occurs in an "inside-out" sequence earlier inside and later born neurons outside. The cortex is divided into areas which serve distinct functions including motor, sensory and cognitive processing.
Some Recent Findings
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Development Overview
Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.
- Early developmental sequence: Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest
Neural Tube | Primary Vesicles | Secondary Vesicles | Adult Structures |
---|---|---|---|
week 3 | week 4 | week 5 | adult |
prosencephalon (forebrain) | telencephalon | Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles | |
diencephalon | epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle | ||
mesencephalon (midbrain) | mesencephalon | tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons | |
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | metencephalon | cerebellum | |
myelencephalon | medulla oblongata, isthmus | ||
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal |
Early Brain Vesicles
Primary Vesicles
Secondary Vesicles
Brain Fissures
Fissures are the major indentations, sulci (singular sulcus), that divide the brain surface into lobes and appear during fetal development as the brain grows. The images below show MRI analysis of the developing human fetal brain.
- Links: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cortical Neurons
Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are some of the earliest generated cortical neurons and migrate from the borders of the developing pallium to cover the cortical primordium. These early forming neurons then control the radial migration of neurons and the formation of cortical layers. In mice, this has been shown by these cells secreting the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin (Reln) and it has been suggested that these cells also fine tune multiple signaling pathways underlying the regulation of cortical regionalization.[4]
References
- ↑ <pubmed>20108226</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19622880</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20981415</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20668538</pubmed>| PLoS Biol.
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed>
Articles
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Neural - Cerebrum Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cerebrum_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G