Musculoskeletal System - Axial Skeleton Development: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
Line 58: Line 58:


|-
|-
|}
{| class="prettytable" width=100%
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 01.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 02.jpg]]
|-
| Cells migrate through the primitive streak to form mesodermal layer. Extraembryonic mesoderm lies adjacent to the trilaminar embryo totally enclosing the amnion, yolk sac and forming the connecting stalk.
| Paraxial mesoderm accumulates under the neural plate with thinner mesoderm laterally. This forms 2 thickened streaks running the length of the embryonic disc along the rostrocaudal axis. In humans, during the 3rd week, this mesoderm begins to segment. The neural plate folds to form a neural groove and folds.
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 03.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 04.jpg]]
|-
| Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites continues caudally at 1 somite/90minutes and a cavity (intraembryonic coelom) forms in the lateral plate mesoderm separating somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.
Note intraembryonic coelomic cavity communicates with extraembryonic coelom through portals (holes) initially on lateral margin of embryonic disc.
| Somites continue to form. The neural groove fuses dorsally to form a tube at the level of the 4th somite and "zips up cranially and caudally and the neural crest migrates into the mesoderm.
|}
|}


Line 100: Line 83:
|}
|}


{| class="prettytable" width=100%
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 05.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 06.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 07.jpg]]
|-
| [[M#mesoderm|Mesoderm]] beside the notochord (axial mesoderm, blue) thickens, forming the paraxial mesoderm as a pair of strips along the rostro-caudal axis.
| [[P#paraxial mesoderm|Paraxial mesoderm]] towards the rostral end, begins to segment forming the first somite. '''Somites''' are then sequentially added caudally. The '''somitocoel''', is a cavity forming in early somites, which is lost as the somite matures.
| Cells in the [[S#somite|somite]] differentiate medially to form the [[S#sclerotome|sclerotome]] (forms vertebral column) and dorsolaterally to form the  [[D#dermomyotome|dermomyotome]].
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 08.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 09.jpg]]
|
|-
| The [[D#dermomyotome|dermomyotome]] then forms the dermotome (forms dermis) and myotome (forms muscle).
Neural crest cells migrate beside and through somite.
| The [[M#myotome|myotome]] differentiates to form 2 components dorsally the epimere and ventrally the hypomere, which in turn form epaxial and hypaxial muscles respectively. The bulk of the trunk and limb muscle coming from the Hypaxial mesoderm. Different structures will be contributed depending upon the somite level.
|}


=== Limb Development ===
=== Limb Development ===
Line 126: Line 89:
|-
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 09.jpg]]
| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 09.jpg]]
|
| Somites at the level of the upper and lower limbs contribute from the myotome, the skeletal muscle cells of the limb bud.
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 09:52, 11 November 2010

Introduction

Adult axial skeleton

During the 3rd week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called somites. Different regions of the somite differentiate into dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and sclerotome (forms vertebral column). Vertebral bone is formed through a lengthy process involving endochondrial ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme.

The vertebral body begins as a bony collar that expands into regions of dying cartilage. The bony vertebral arch, enclosing the spinal cord, forms later and the arch remains open dorsally (linked by a ligament) to allow growth of the spinal cord.

The axial skeleton consists of: Skull, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Chest (sternum, ribs)

The vertebral column is a series of bone segments (vertebra) separated by specialized joints (intervertebral disc).

In the adult, the vertebra form rostro-caudally: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, coccyx. There has been identified a population variability in the final number of vertebra.

Skeletal ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s. Abnormalities of vertebral column development can lead to defects including scoliosis.

Musculoskeletal Links: Introduction | mesoderm | somitogenesis | limb | cartilage | bone | bone timeline | bone marrow | shoulder | pelvis | axial skeleton | skull | joint | skeletal muscle | muscle timeline | tendon | diaphragm | Lecture - Musculoskeletal | Lecture Movie | musculoskeletal abnormalities | limb abnormalities | developmental hip dysplasia | cartilage histology | bone histology | Skeletal Muscle Histology | Category:Musculoskeletal
Historic Embryology - Musculoskeletal  
1853 Bone | 1885 Sphenoid | 1902 - Pubo-femoral Region | Spinal Column and Back | Body Segmentation | Cranium | Body Wall, Ribs, and Sternum | Limbs | 1901 - Limbs | 1902 - Arm Development | 1906 Human Embryo Ossification | 1906 Lower limb Nerves and Muscle | 1907 - Muscular System | Skeleton and Limbs | 1908 Vertebra | 1908 Cervical Vertebra | 1909 Mandible | 1910 - Skeleton and Connective Tissues | Muscular System | Coelom and Diaphragm | 1913 Clavicle | 1920 Clavicle | 1921 - External body form | Connective tissues and skeletal | Muscular | Diaphragm | 1929 Rat Somite | 1932 Pelvis | 1940 Synovial Joints | 1943 Human Embryonic, Fetal and Circumnatal Skeleton | 1947 Joints | 1949 Cartilage and Bone | 1957 Chondrification Hands and Feet | 1968 Knee

Some Recent Findings

  • Role of environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis[1] "Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown."

Textbooks

Developing vertebra
  • The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter 15 the skeletal system
  • Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 11 Limb Dev (bone not well covered in this textbook)
  • Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 16,17: p379-397, 399-405
  • Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Chapter 11 p207-228

Objectives

  • Identify the components of a somite and the adult derivatives of each component.
  • Give examples of sites of (a) endochondral and (b) intramembranous ossification and to compare these two processes.
  • Identify the general times (a) of formation of primary and (b) of formation of secondary ossification centres, and (c) of fusion of such centres with each other.
  • Briefly summarise the development of the limbs.
  • Describe the developmental abnormalities responsible for the following malformations: selected growth plate disorders; congenital dislocation of the hip; scoliosis; arthrogryposis; and limb reduction deformities.

Development Overview

Below is a very brief overview using simple figures of 3 aspects of early musculoskeletal development. More detailed overviews are shown on other notes pages Mesoderm and Somite, Vertebral Column, Limb in combination with serial sections and Carnegie images.

Mesoderm Development

Mesoderm cartoon 01.jpg Cells migrate through the primitive streak to form mesodermal layer. Extraembryonic mesoderm lies adjacent to the trilaminar embryo totally enclosing the amnion, yolk sac and forming the connecting stalk.
Mesoderm cartoon 02.jpg Paraxial mesoderm accumulates under the neural plate with thinner mesoderm laterally. This forms 2 thickened streaks running the length of the embryonic disc along the rostrocaudal axis. In humans, during the 3rd week, this mesoderm begins to segment. The neural plate folds to form a neural groove and folds.
Mesoderm cartoon 03.jpg Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites continues caudally at 1 somite/90minutes and a cavity (intraembryonic coelom) forms in the lateral plate mesoderm separating somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.

Note intraembryonic coelomic cavity communicates with extraembryonic coelom through portals (holes) initially on lateral margin of embryonic disc.

Mesoderm cartoon 04.jpg Somites continue to form. The neural groove fuses dorsally to form a tube at the level of the 4th somite and "zips up cranially and caudally and the neural crest migrates into the mesoderm.

Somite Development

Mesoderm cartoon 05.jpg Mesoderm beside the notochord (axial mesoderm, blue) thickens, forming the paraxial mesoderm as a pair of strips along the rostro-caudal axis.
Mesoderm cartoon 06.jpg Paraxial mesoderm towards the rostral end, begins to segment forming the first somite. Somites are then sequentially added caudally. The somitocoel, is a cavity forming in early somites, which is lost as the somite matures.
Mesoderm cartoon 07.jpg Cells in the somite differentiate medially to form the sclerotome (forms vertebral column) and dorsolaterally to form the dermomyotome.
Mesoderm cartoon 08.jpg The dermomyotome then forms the dermotome (forms dermis) and myotome (forms muscle).

Neural crest cells migrate beside and through somite.

Mesoderm cartoon 09.jpg The myotome differentiates to form 2 components dorsally the epimere and ventrally the hypomere, which in turn form epaxial and hypaxial muscles respectively. The bulk of the trunk and limb muscle coming from the Hypaxial mesoderm. Different structures will be contributed depending upon the somite level.


Limb Development

Mesoderm cartoon 09.jpg Somites at the level of the upper and lower limbs contribute from the myotome, the skeletal muscle cells of the limb bud.

Vertebral Column Changes

Cervical Vertebra

Vertebral element ossification between species.[2]

A comparison of vertebral element ossification between different species also in relation to Hox gene expression.[2]

  • For each taxon, circles indicate centra, and squares indicate left and right neural arches.
  • Colours represent the order of ossification.
  • Hox expression boundaries in the mouse (placentals) and vertebral segment identity are shown at right.
  • Conserved timing of V7 centrum ossification across mammals, including sloths (bradypus)
  • Overlap in Hox5-6 expression in the V6–V9 region of the sloth neck.


bradypus - three-toed sloths are the only members of this genus

dasypus - armadillo genus in the Dasypodidae family

Sacrum

Evolution of the sacrum[3] "In order to study the formation of the sacrum during the primate evolution, a new way of numbering mammalian vertebrae is presented; this demonstrates that the thoracolumbosacral complex is fixed at 22 vertebrae in 80% and at 22 +/- 1 in 100% of the cases. The shift of a vertebra from one type to another occurs either at the thoracolumbar or at the lumbosacral junction and not at the cervicothoracic junction. Rarely does the shift take place at the sacrococcygeal junction. Data from 318 primates reveal that the seven original lumbar vertebrae of the Old World monkeys are reduced in the great apes by a caudad "thoracization" of one to two lumbar vertebrae and a cephalad sacralization of one to four lumbar vertebrae. In the apes, sacralization is not total and different stages that are intermediate between lumbar and sacral are described. In Homo sapiens there is a total sacralization of the last two original lumbar vertebrae. In addition, development of the sacral wings (alae) is minimal in apes and reaches its maximum in hominids. The tendency of the hominoid sacrum to incorporate the last lumbar vertebrae and to widen markedly provides for an enhanced articulation of the sacrum with the ilium and offers a firm base of support for the trunk during erect posture. This is necessary for the support of the weight of the trunk above the sacrum and for the stabilization of the body during bipedal posture and locomotion. Encephalization did not play any major role in the widening of the sacrum since the former by far preceded the latter."

Molecular

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1

Mouse intervertebral disc (IVD) expression of transcription factor Nfatc1[4]
  • Transcription factor (Nfatc1) has been identified in developing mouse intervertebral disc (IVD).
  • The NFAT family of transcription factors regulates cytokine gene expression by binding to the promoter/enhancer regions of antigen-responsive genes, usually in cooperation with heterologous DNA-binding partners.
  • The activation of NFAT proteins is controlled by calcineurin, the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase.
Links: OMIM - NFATC1


Transforming growth factor beta

Two functions in IVD development:[4]

  1. prevent chondrocyte differentiation in the presumptive IVD
  2. promote differentiation of annulus fibrosus from sclerotome

References

  1. <pubmed>20544699</pubmed>
  2. 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>20956304</pubmed>| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  3. <pubmed>3688211</pubmed>
  4. 4.0 4.1 <pubmed>20214815</pubmed>| PMC2848151 | BMC Dev Biol.


Reviews

Articles

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Axial Skeleton Development | Vertebra Development | Intervertebral Disc Development

Additional Images

Terms

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Musculoskeletal System - Axial Skeleton Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Musculoskeletal_System_-_Axial_Skeleton_Development

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G