Monito del Monte Development

Embryology - 24 Apr 2024        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Dromiciops gliroides

Monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides) are small nocturnal marsupials representatives of the ancient order Microbiotheria and also the only known hibernating mammal in South America (Southern Chile and Argentina). Thomas, 1894 original designation Monito del monte (Spanish = "little mountain monkey") or colocolo opossum. Their distribution is within Chile and adjacent Argentina from about 36S to near 43S.

Links: Category:Marsupial

Some Recent Findings

Distribution of dromiciops gliroides

The hibernating South American marsupial, Dromiciops gliroides, displays torpor-sensitive microRNA expression patterns "When faced with adverse environmental conditions, the marsupial Dromiciops gliroides uses either daily or seasonal torpor to support survival and is the only known hibernating mammal in South America. As the sole living representative of the ancient Order Microbiotheria, this species can provide crucial information about the evolutionary origins and biochemical mechanisms of hibernation. Hibernation is a complex energy-saving strategy that involves changes in gene expression that are elicited in part by microRNAs. To better elucidate the role of microRNAs in orchestrating hypometabolism, a modified stem-loop technique and quantitative PCR were used to characterize the relative expression levels of 85 microRNAs in liver and skeletal muscle of control and torpid D. gliroides. Thirty-nine microRNAs were differentially regulated during torpor; of these, 35 were downregulated in liver and 11 were differentially expressed in skeletal muscle. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the downregulated liver microRNAs were associated with activation of MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways, suggesting their importance in facilitating marsupial torpor. In skeletal muscle, hibernation-responsive microRNAs were predicted to regulate focal adhesion, ErbB, and mTOR pathways, indicating a promotion of muscle maintenance mechanisms. These tissue-specific responses suggest that microRNAs regulate key molecular pathways that facilitate hibernation, thermoregulation, and prevention of muscle disuse atrophy." The ancestral chromosomes of Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheridae), and its bearings on the karyotypic evolution of American marsupials "The low-numbered 14-chromosome karyotype of marsupials has falsified the fusion hypothesis claiming ancestrality from a 22-chromosome karyotype. Since the 14-chromosome condition of the relict Dromiciops gliroides is reminecent of ancestrality, its interstitial traces of past putative fusions and heterochromatin banding patterns were studied and added to available marsupials' cytogenetic data. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and self-genomic in situ hybridization (self-GISH) were used to detect telomeric and repetitive sequences, respectively. These were complemented with C-, fluorescent banding, and centromere immunodetection over mitotic spreads. The presence of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS) and diploid numbers were reconstructed and mapped onto the marsupial phylogenetic tree. No interstitial, fluorescent signals, but clearly stained telomeric regions were detected by FISH and self-GISH. Heterochromatin distribution was sparse in the telomeric/subtelomeric regions of large submetacentric chromosomes. Large AT-rich blocks were detected in the long arm of four submetacentrics and CG-rich block in the telomeric regions of all chromosomes. The ancestral reconstructions both ITS presence and diploid numbers suggested that ITS are unrelated to fusion events. Although the lack of interstitial signals in D. gliroides' karyotype does not prove absence of past fusions, our data suggests its non-rearranged plesiomorphic condition." Comparative gene expression analyses reveal heterochrony for Sox9 expression in the cranial neural crest during marsupial development "Compared to placental mammals, marsupials have short gestation period, and their neonates are relatively immature. Despite these features, marsupial neonates must travel from the birth canal to the teat, suckle and digest milk to complete development. Thus, certain organs and tissues of marsupial neonates, such as forelimbs to crawl and jaw elements to suckle, must develop early. Previous reports showed that cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, as the source of ectomesenchyme of jaw elements, are generated significantly early in gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) compared to other amniote models, such as mouse. In this study, we examined the expression of genes known to be important for neural crest formation, such as BMP2/BMP4 (neural crest inducer), Pax7 (neural border specifier), Snail1 and Sox9/Sox10 (neural crest specifier) in Monodelphis domestica, and compared the expression patterns with those in mouse, chicken, and gecko embryos. Among those genes, the expression of Sox9 was turned on early and broadly in the premigratory CNC cells, and persisted in the ectomesenchyme of the cranial anlagen in opossum embryos. In contrast, Sox9 expression diminished in the CNC cells of other animals at the early phase of migration. Comparison of the onset of Pax7 and Sox9 expression revealed that Sox9 expression in the prospective CNC was earlier and broader than Pax7 expression in opossum, suggesting that the sequence of border specification and neural crest specification is altered."

More recent papers

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Taxon

Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data

Taxonomy ID:

Genbank common name: opossum

Rank: species

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard)

Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 (Vertebrate Mitochondrial)

Lineage ( full )

cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Dipnotetrapodomorpha; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Metatheria; Microbiotheria; Microbiotheriidae; Dromiciops

Links: Taxonomy Browser - Dromiciops gliroides

Development Overview

Adult female can produce one litter of a maximum of 4 infants per year. Data below from a 2005 study.

• Intra-uterine development - (3-4 weeks) blastocyst implantation, marsupium development is marked by teat enlargement and formation of lactating tissue.
• parturition - neonates migrate from the vagina to the marsupium.
• intra-marsupium - (2 months) pouched young seem to remain within the marsupium and firmly affixed to teats.
• extra-marsupium - (juvenile) Increased motor capacities allow pouched young to leave the marsupium for short exploratory excursions.

Placenta

Choriovitelline placenta - chorion is formed by the fusion of yolk-sac mesoderm and vessels to the inner face of the serosa.

Links: Placenta Development

System Development

The marsupial neonate at birth has a variation between the degree of development of different systems.

• well-developed - digestive, respiratory and circulatory system.
• not well-developed - retains fetal excretory system with a fully functional mesonephric kidney and undifferentiated gonads and genitalia.

Oocyte

Links: Oocyte Development

Spermatozoa

Links: Spermatozoa Development

Movies

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References

Reviews

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Articles

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Muñoz-Pedreros A, Lang, BK Marta Bretos, M. and Meserve, PL. Reproduction and Development of the Monito del Monte, Dromiciops gliroides Thoma (marsupialia: Microbiotheriidae) in Temperate Rainforests of Southern Chile. (2005) Gayana 69(2):225-233 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-65382005000200002 PDF

Books

Brown BE. Atlas of New World marsupials (2004) Field Museum of Natural History.

Search PubMed

Search PubMed: Monito del monte development | Dromiciops gliroides

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

• Internet Archive
  • Atlas of New World marsupials (2004)
  • The families and genera of Marsupialia (1981)
  • Los pequeños mamíferos de Chile (1961)
• Darin Croft south american fossil mammals
• EDGE of Existence species 169

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Monito del Monte Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Monito_del_Monte_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G