Molecular Development - microRNA

From Embryology
Revision as of 19:15, 30 September 2016 by Z8600021 (talk | contribs)
Embryology - 29 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Introduction

Micro RNA (miRNA) are 22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs. These small pieces of RNA have been identified as important negative regulators in both development and adult cell processes involving gene expression.


miRNAs are initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature ~22 ((20-24 nt) nucleotide miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products.


Molecular Links: molecular | genetics | epigenetics | mitosis | meiosis | X Inactivation | Signaling | Factors | Mouse Knockout | microRNA | Mechanisms | Developmental Enhancers | Protein | Genetic Abnormal | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

Bovine GIT miRNA expression[1]
  • MicroRNA Expression during Bovine Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization[2] "In order to further explore the roles of miRNAs in oocyte maturation, we employed small RNA sequencing as a screening tool to identify and characterize miRNA populations present in pools of bovine germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes, metaphase II (MII) oocytes, and presumptive zygotes (PZ). Each stage contained a defined miRNA population, some of which showed stable expression while others showed progressive changes between stages that were subsequently confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Bta-miR-155, bta-miR-222, bta-miR-21, bta-let-7d, bta-let-7i, and bta-miR-190a were among the statistically significant differentially expressed miRNAs (p < 0.05). To determine whether changes in specific primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts were responsible for the observed miRNA changes, we evaluated pri-miR-155, -222 and let-7d expression. Pri-miR-155 and -222 were not detected in GV oocytes but pri-miR-155 was present in MII oocytes, indicating transcription during maturation. In contrast, levels of pri-let-7d decreased during maturation, suggesting that the observed increase in let-7d expression was likely due to processing of the primary transcript. This study demonstrates that both dynamic and stable populations of miRNAs are present in bovine oocytes and zygotes and extend previous studies supporting the importance of the small RNA landscape in the maturing bovine oocyte and early embryo." Bovine Development
  • Maternal peripheral blood natural killer cells incorporate placenta-associated microRNAs during pregnancy[1] "Although recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) regulate fundamental natural killer (NK) cellular processes, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production, little is known about the miRNA‑gene regulatory relationships in maternal peripheral blood NK (pNK) cells during pregnancy. ...Twenty‑five miRNAs, including six C19MC miRNAs, were significantly upregulated in the third‑ compared to first‑trimester pNK cells. The rapid clearance of C19MC miRNAs also occurred in the pNK cells following delivery. Nine miRNAs, including eight C19MC miRNAs, were significantly downregulated in the post‑delivery pNK cells compared to those of the third‑trimester. DNA microarray analysis identified 69 NK cell function‑related genes that were differentially expressed between the first‑ and third‑trimester pNK cells. On pathway and network analysis, the observed gene expression changes of pNK cells likely contribute to the increase in the cytotoxicity, as well as the cell cycle progression of third‑ compared to first‑trimester pNK cells. Thirteen of the 69 NK cell function‑related genes were significantly downregulated between the first‑ and third‑trimester pNK cells. Nine of the 13 downregulated NK‑function‑associated genes were in silico target candidates of 12 upregulated miRNAs, including C19MC miRNA miR‑512‑3p. The results of this study suggest that the transfer of placental C19MC miRNAs into maternal pNK cells occurs during pregnancy."
  • Potential Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in the Development of Bovine Gastrointestinal Tract during Early Life[1] "This study aimed to investigate the potential regulatory role of miRNAs in the development of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) during the early life of dairy calves. Rumen and small intestinal (mid-jejunum and ileum) tissue samples were collected from newborn (30 min after birth; n = 3), 7-day-old (n = 6), 21-day-old (n = 6), and 42-day-old (n = 6) dairy calves. The miRNA profiling was performed using Illumina RNA-sequencing and the temporal and regional differentially expressed miRNAs were further validated using qRT-PCR. ...The present study revealed temporal and regional changes in miRNA expression and a correlation between miRNA expression and microbial population in the GIT during the early life, which provides further evidence for another mechanism by which host-microbial interactions play a role in regulating gut development."
  • A survey of small RNAs in human sperm[3] "Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of multiple classes of small RNAs in human spermatozoa. The primary classes resolved included microRNA (miRNAs) (≈7%), Piwi-interacting piRNAs (≈17%), repeat-associated small RNAs (≈65%). A minor subset of short RNAs within the transcription start site/promoter fraction (≈11%) frames the histone promoter-associated regions enriched in genes of early embryonic development. These have been termed quiescent RNAs. CONCLUSIONS A complex population of male derived sncRNAs that are available for delivery upon fertilization was revealed. Sperm miRNA-targeted enrichment in the human oocyte is consistent with their role as modifiers of early post-fertilization. The relative abundance of piRNAs and repeat-associated RNAs suggests that they may assume a role in confrontation and consolidation. This may ensure the compatibility of the genomes at fertilisation."
More recent papers
Mark Hill.jpg
PubMed logo.gif

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.

  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: microRNA Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>microRNA Embryology</pubmed>

Pathway

  1. Primary miRNA precursors are transcribed in the nucleus
  2. Processed into 19-22 nt mature miRNAs by
    1. nuclear RNase III enzyme Drosha and its co-factor Dgcr8
    2. cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme Dicer
  3. miRNAs then loaded into the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC)


Some miRNA subclasses are either Drosha- or Dicer-independent.

miRNA-induced silencing complex

(miRISC) components include the argonaute proteins (Ago1–4).


Functional miRNA Grouping

The following identifies microRNAs that have been identified with specific developmental processes, based upon a commercial collation of basic research data.

  • Pluripotency
    • let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7e, let-7g, miR-101, miR-106b, miR-125b, miR-130a, miR-133b, miR-141, miR-15a, miR-17, miR-182, miR-183, miR-18a, miR-18b, miR-205, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-21, miR-214, miR-22, miR-222, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-302a, miR-302c, miR-345, miR-424, miR-498, miR-518b, miR-520g.
  • miR-10 - microRNA precursor part of an RNA gene family which contains miR-10, miR-51, miR-57, miR-99 and miR-100. miR-10, miR-99 and miR-100 have been confirmed in a wide range of species.

Nomenclature

arm the mature sequence

  • left (-5p)
  • right (-3p)

Early Development

Ectoderm

  • Neural Development
    • let-7b, miR-103a, miR-106b, miR-10b, miR-124, miR-125b, miR-130a, miR-132, miR-134, miR-137, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-183, miR-20a, miR-210, miR-219-5p, miR-22, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-302a, miR-302c, miR-7, miR-9, miR-96.
    • Neural Tube - miRNA-430 organises cell division (planes) for neural tube morphogenesis. PMID 26658217
  • Eye Development
    • miR-130a, miR-196a, miR-219-5p, miR-23b, miR-96.
  • Epidermal Differentiation
    • let-7b, miR-205, miR-210, miR-23b, miR-26a.
  • Inner Ear Development
    • miR-182, miR-183, miR-96.


Mesoderm

  • Haematopoiesis
    • let-7e, miR-125a-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-223.
  • T Cell Development
    • let-7a, let-7f, miR-106b, miR-142-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-150, miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-20a, miR-222, miR-26a.
  • Erythropoiesis
    • let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7f, let-7g, let-7i, miR-126, miR-128a, miR-137, miR-155, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-17, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-185, miR-206, miR-21, miR-22, miR-222, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-96.
  • Lymphopoiesis
    • let-7b, miR-125b, miR-128a, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-21, miR-24.
  • Megakaryopoiesis
    • miR-106b, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-122, miR-126, miR-127-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-134, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-192, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-21, miR-22, miR-301a, miR-33a, miR-378, miR-92a, miR-93.
  • Monocyte Differentiation
    • miR-155, miR-222, miR-424.
  • Myelopoiesis
    • miR-103a, miR-128a, miR-17, miR-181a, miR-24.
  • Angiogenesis
    • miR-126, miR-130a, miR-218, miR-222, miR-92a.
  • Myogenesis
    • miR-1, miR-125b, miR-206, miR-26a.
  • Osteogenesis
    • miR-141, miR-15b, miR-424.
  • Adipogenesis
    • let-7b, let-7c, let-7e, miR-100, miR-101, miR-103a, miR-10b, miR-146b-5p, miR-155, miR-182, miR-192, miR-194, miR-196a, miR-21, miR-210, miR-214, miR-22, miR-24, miR-498, miR-96, miR-99a.
  • Chondrogenesis: let-7f, miR-1, miR-132, miR-181a, miR-196a, miR-96, miR-99a.
  • Heart Development: miR-1, miR-208, miR-488.

Endoderm

  • Liver Development
    • let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, miR-10a, miR-122, miR-125b, miR-192, miR-21, miR-22, miR-23b, miR-92a, miR-99a.
  • Pancreatic Development
    • miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-195, miR-214, miR-375, miR-7, miR-9.
  • Intestinal Development
    • let-7d, let-7e, miR-103a, miR-106b, miR-125b, miR-126, miR-130a, miR-141, miR-146b-5p, miR-17, miR-192, miR-194, miR-21, miR-215, miR-301a, miR-424.


Data: SABiosciences Cell Differentiation & Development miRNA PCR Array


Nucleolus

Five miRNAs show highest nucleolar concentration in myoblasts using the microarray assay, miR-340-5p, miR-351, miR-494, miR-664, or let-7e, are thought to be skeletal muscle-specific miRNAs (i.e., miR-1, miR-133, and miR-206 and perhaps miR-95, miR-128a, and miR-499).[4]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 <pubmed>24682221</pubmed>| PLoS One. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name 'PMID24682221' defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name 'PMID24682221' defined multiple times with different content
  2. <pubmed>26999121</pubmed>| Int J Mol Sci.
  3. <pubmed>21989093</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>19628621</pubmed>

Reviews

<pubmed>21850044</pubmed> <pubmed>21742789</pubmed> <pubmed>21576351</pubmed> <pubmed>21504869</pubmed> <pubmed>21486922</pubmed> <pubmed>19148191</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>23617334</pubmed> <pubmed>20520778</pubmed> <pubmed>18029362</pubmed>| Nucleic Acids Res. <pubmed></pubmed>


Search Pubmed

Search Pubmed Now: microRNA

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Molecular Development - microRNA. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Molecular_Development_-_microRNA

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G