Molecular Development - Signaling

Embryology - 16 Apr 2024        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Model of Sonic hedgehog signaling in the drosophila wing

Limb induction-initiation signaling

In current years we have turned from wanting to merely describe the events of embryogenesis, to a desire to understand the mechanisms of development. These notes are intended to introduce a number of different mechanisms at the cellular level and factors that form structures within the embryo. These cellular dynamic and physical interactions form basic tissue structures of epithelia, connective tissues and features such as tubes.

Template page - notice removed when completed.

Membrane Receptors Signaling between cells, cells and matrix, tissues, and systemically, is key to the developmental and differentiation process. While there are a large number of known methods of signaling these all fall into a few broad classes. Signaling also depends upon having an initial source for the signal and cells which can interpret the signal. To see how these mechanisms are employed you should look at embryo axes formation or the specific pages within each set of notes that refer to early development or system development (these pages are listed on Molecular Development homepage).

Some signals act internally (More? cell cycle) or over a short distance (between ajoining cells or to the cell itself), others act in a distance dependent manner (changing concentration of the signal will alter the response), others act by cascading (signaling from one cell to the next, to the next), and finally some signals act at a distance (between one tissue and a distant cell population).

Signaling in many cases precedes any observable change in cell shape and motility. Please note as an introduction the notes below have been extensively simplified. More details can be gained by clicking on the specific links below.

Molecular Factors

• BMP - Bone Morphogenetic Protein
• hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotropin
• FGF - Fibroblast Growth Factor
• FOX - Forkhead bOX
• HIPPO
• HOX - Homeobox
• PAX - "paired" (prd) with a box (homeodomain) domain.
• NANOG - Tír na nÓg ("Land of the Young")
• NOTCH
• RA - Retinoic Acid
• SHH - Sonic HedgeHog
• SIX
• Slit2/Robo1
• SOX
• TBX
• TGF-beta - Transforming Growth Factor - beta
• VEGF - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
• WNT - Wingless and iNT

Human BMP Family   Table - Human Bmp Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome BMP1 bone morphogenetic protein 1 PCOLC 8p21.3 BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 BMP2A 20p12.3 BMP3 bone morphogenetic protein 3 4q21.21 BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4 BMP2B 14q22.2 BMP5 bone morphogenetic protein 5 6p12.1 BMP6 bone morphogenetic protein 6 VGR VGR1 6p24.3 BMP7 bone morphogenetic protein 7 OP-1 20q13.31 BMP8A bone morphogenetic protein 8a 1p34.3 BMP8B bone morphogenetic protein 8b BMP8 OP-2 1p34.2 BMP10 bone morphogenetic protein 10 2p13.3 BMP15 bone morphogenetic protein 15 GDF9B Xp11.22     Links: Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein | OMIM BMP2 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family

Human SOX Family   Table - Human Sox Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome SOX1 SRY-box 1 13q34 SOX2 SRY-box 2 3q26.33 SOX3 SRY-box 3 PHP Xq27.1 SOX4 SRY-box 4 6p22.3 SOX5 SRY-box 5 "L-SOX5, MGC35153" 12p12.1 SOX6 SRY-box 6 11p15.3 SOX7 SRY-box 7 8p23.1 SOX8 SRY-box 8 16p13.3 SOX9 SRY-box 9 "CMD1, CMPD1" SRA1 17q24.3 SOX10 SRY-box 10 "DOM, WS4, WS2E" 22q13.1 SOX11 SRY-box 11 2p25.2 SOX12 SRY-box 12 SOX22 20p13 SOX13 SRY-box 13 "Sox-13, ICA12, MGC117216" 1q32.1 SOX14 SRY-box 14 SOX28 3q22.3 SOX15 SRY-box 15 SOX20 "SOX27, SOX26" 17p13.1 SOX17 SRY-box 17 8q11.23 SOX18 SRY-box 18 20q13.33 SOX21 SRY-box 21 SOX25 13q32.1 SOX30 SRY-box 30 5q33.3 SRY sex determining region Y TDF Yp11.2     Links: Developmental Signals - Sox | OMIM | HGNC | Tbx Family | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family

Human TBX Family   Table - Human Tbx Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome TBX1 T-box 1 VCF CATCH22 22q11.21 TBX2 T-box 2 17q23.2 TBX3 T-box 3 UMS "TBX3-ISO, XHL" 12q24.21 TBX4 T-box 4 17q23.2 TBX5 T-box 5 HOS 12q24.21 TBX6 T-box 6 16p11.2 TBX10 T-box 10 TBX7 TBX13 11q13.2 TBX15 T-box 15 TBX14 1p12 TBX18 T-box 18 6q14.3 TBX19 T-box 19 "dj747L4.1, TPIT" 1q24.2 TBX20 T-box 20 7p14.2 TBX21 T-box 21 "TBLYM, T-bet" 17q21.32 TBX22 T-box 22 "CPX, CLPA" Xq21.1 TBX23P T-box 23, pseudogene TBX23 1q25 TBR1 T-box, brain 1 2q24.2 EOMES eomesodermin TBR2 3p24.1 MGA MGA, MAX dimerization protein "KIAA0518, MAD5, MXD5, FLJ12634" 15q15 TBXT T-box transcription factor T T 6q27     Links: Developmental Signals - Tbx | OMIM Tbx3 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family

Mechanisms

• cell cycle- position in cell cycle, proliferative rate, post-mitotic
• time- position in cell cycle, cell death (apoptosis)
• adhesive interactions- cell/cell, cell/extracellular matrix
• transcription factors- Hox, bHLH, zinc finger,
• protein growth factors- VEGF, FGF, NGF, GDNF, TGFb
• steroidal growth factors- RA, TH,
• extracellular matrix proteins- Wnt7a, laminin, fibronectin
• ion signaling- calcium

References

Reviews

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Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: molecular development signals

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Molecular Development - Signaling. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Molecular_Development_-_Signaling

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G