Molecular Development - Ribonucleic acid: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Epigenetics cartoon.jpg|thumb|Epigenetics mechanisms<ref><pubmed>16688142</pubmed></ref>]]
[[File:Epigenetics cartoon.jpg|thumb|Epigenetics mechanisms<ref><pubmed>16688142</pubmed></ref>]]
The original "RNA family" consisted of just 3 main members; transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA). Involved in gene expression through protein translation (synthesis).  
The original "RNA family" consisted of just 3 main members; transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA). Involved in gene expression through protein translation (synthesis).  


In recent years this RNA family, shown in the table below, has been expanded to include newly identified members: small nuclear RNA (snRNA) , small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), and short regulatory RNA (piwi-associated RNA (piRNA), endogenous short-interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) and now long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Each of these new family members has a range of potential roles in development and differentiation.
In recent years this RNA family, shown in the table below, has been expanded to include newly identified members: small nuclear RNA (snRNA) , small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), and short regulatory RNA (piwi-associated RNA (piRNA), endogenous short-interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) and now long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Each of these new family members has a range of potential roles in development and differentiation.
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[[Molecular_Development_-_microRNA|microRNA]]


{{Molecular Links}}
{{Molecular Links}}
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|-
|-
! RNA Class !! Acronym !! Roles !! Examples !! Reviews
! RNA Class !! Acronym !! Roles !! Examples !! Reviews
|-
| transfer RNA || tRNA || carry amino acid in cell cytoplasm to ribosome || || PMID 24966867
|-
|-
| messenger RNA || mRNA || transcribed from DNA in cell nucleus and relocate to cytoplasm for translation on the ribosome|| Example
| messenger RNA || mRNA || transcribed from DNA in cell nucleus and relocate to cytoplasm for translation on the ribosome|| Example
|-
|-
| ribosomal RNA|| rRNA || structural RNA that allow the assembly of ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm into ribosomal subunits required for protein translation|| Example
| ribosomal RNA || rRNA || structural RNA that allow the assembly of ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm into ribosomal subunits required for protein translation|| Example
|-
| transfer RNA || tRNA || carry amino acid in cell cytoplasm to ribosome || Example
|-
|-
| small nuclear RNA || snRNA || involved in cell nucleus RNA splicing|| Example
| small nuclear RNA || snRNA || involved in cell nucleus RNA splicing|| || PMID 23980890
|-
|-
| small nucleolar RNA || snoRNA || modify other small RNAs (rRNAs and tRNAs) || box C/D snoRNAs and the box H/ACA || PMID21664409 PMID19446021
| small nucleolar RNA || snoRNA || modify other small RNAs (rRNAs and tRNAs) || box C/D snoRNAs and the box H/ACA || PMID 21664409 PMID 19446021
|-
|-
| microRNA || miRNA || post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression|| Example
| microRNA || miRNA || post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression|| || PMID 25128264
|-
|-
| endogenous short-interfering RNA || endo-siRNA || short regulatory RNA || Example
| endogenous short-interfering RNA || endo-siRNA || short regulatory RNA || mainly characterised in plants || PMID 22578318
|-
|-
| piwi-associated RNA || piRNA || short regulatory RNA || Example
| piwi-associated RNA || piRNA || short regulatory RNA || || PMID 18032451 PMID 22103557
|-
|-
| long non-coding RNA || ncRNA || non-coding RNA greater than 200bp in length may have different roles in signalling, protein processing and differentiation || Example
| long non-coding RNA || ncRNA || non-coding RNA greater than 200bp in length may have different roles in signalling, protein processing and differentiation || || PMID 24829860
|}
|}


Revision as of 11:17, 15 September 2014

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Introduction

Amphibian oocyte transcription
Epigenetics mechanisms[1]

The original "RNA family" consisted of just 3 main members; transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA). Involved in gene expression through protein translation (synthesis).


In recent years this RNA family, shown in the table below, has been expanded to include newly identified members: small nuclear RNA (snRNA) , small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), and short regulatory RNA (piwi-associated RNA (piRNA), endogenous short-interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) and now long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Each of these new family members has a range of potential roles in development and differentiation.


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microRNA


Molecular Links: molecular | genetics | epigenetics | mitosis | meiosis | X Inactivation | Signaling | Factors | Mouse Knockout | microRNA | Mechanisms | Developmental Enhancers | Protein | Genetic Abnormal | Category:Molecular


Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular
Mechanism Links: mitosis | cell migration | cell junctions |epithelial invagination | epithelial mesenchymal transition | mesenchymal epithelial transition | epithelial mesenchymal interaction | morphodynamics | tube formation | apoptosis | autophagy | axes formation | time | molecular


Some Recent Findings

  • Properties of developmental gene regulatory networks[2]

RNA Classes

RNA Class Acronym Roles Examples Reviews
transfer RNA tRNA carry amino acid in cell cytoplasm to ribosome PMID 24966867
messenger RNA mRNA transcribed from DNA in cell nucleus and relocate to cytoplasm for translation on the ribosome Example
ribosomal RNA rRNA structural RNA that allow the assembly of ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm into ribosomal subunits required for protein translation Example
small nuclear RNA snRNA involved in cell nucleus RNA splicing PMID 23980890
small nucleolar RNA snoRNA modify other small RNAs (rRNAs and tRNAs) box C/D snoRNAs and the box H/ACA PMID 21664409 PMID 19446021
microRNA miRNA post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression PMID 25128264
endogenous short-interfering RNA endo-siRNA short regulatory RNA mainly characterised in plants PMID 22578318
piwi-associated RNA piRNA short regulatory RNA PMID 18032451 PMID 22103557
long non-coding RNA ncRNA non-coding RNA greater than 200bp in length may have different roles in signalling, protein processing and differentiation PMID 24829860

RNA nucleotides

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) consists of 4 nucleotides:

  • Adenine (A)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Uracil (U)



Links: Molecular Development


Epigenetics

Epigenetics as the name implies, is the inheritance mechanisms that lie outside the DNA sequence of our genes.

One of the initial discoveries was the effects of DNA methylation upon gene expression and then modifications of nucleosomal histones.

This DNA methylation, usually associated with 5-methylcytosine (m5C), leads to transcriptional silencing in vertebrates.

Links: Epigenetics
 Epigenetics mechanisms

References

  1. ↑ <pubmed>16688142</pubmed>
  2. ↑ <pubmed></pubmed>


Terms

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 20) Embryology Molecular Development - Ribonucleic acid. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Molecular_Development_-_Ribonucleic_acid

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
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