Lecture - Stem Cells: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
mNo edit summary
No edit summary
 
(19 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|Blastocyst development]]
[[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|Blastocyst development]]
Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years Scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.
Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.
 
 
 
 
Here are the slides for today's lecture [[Media:ANAT2341-2018-_Stem_cell_biology_and_technology.pdf|2018 - Stem cell biology and technology]].
 
 
 


Here are the slides for today's lecture [[Media:ANAT2341Beverdam2014 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf]]


==Objectives==
==Objectives==
Line 14: Line 21:
* Future of regenerative medicine
* Future of regenerative medicine


 
==Additional Lecture Resources==
{|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
! colspan=2|References  
|-
| {{Embryo logocitation}}
|
|
'''The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012''' was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''"
{{Stem Cell Links}}


[[Stem Cells - Induced]]
Archive:  [[Media:ANAT2341 - Stem cell biology and technology - 2016.pdf|2016 PDF]] | [[Media:ANAT2341Beverdam2015 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf|2015 PDF]] | [[Media:ANAT2341Beverdam2014 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf|2014 PDF]]
|-
| valign=top|The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012
| Awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''"


* '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
* '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
* '''John Gurdon''' used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism.  
* '''John Gurdon''' used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism.  
**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203006845 2003 Current Biology Interview] PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615171 "The birth of cloning"] PMID 19132124
**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203006845 2003 Current Biology Interview] PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615171 "The birth of cloning"] PMID 19132124
|}


 
[[Stem Cells - Induced]]
{|
| [[File:Podcast_icon.jpg|link=ANAT2341_Embryology_2012_Lecture_Recordings]]
| '''Lectopia Lecture Audio'''
 
[http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=153&id=140228 Lecture 22 - Stem Cells]
 
Lecture Date: 2012-10-09 Lecture Time: 15:00 Venue: CLB 3 Speaker: Kuldip Sidhu
 
|}
 
==Textbooks==
 
{|
|-
|-
| [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
| valign=top|Stem Cell Therapies
| Hill, M.A. (2011) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (11<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
| Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings: Summary of a Joint Workshop.
 
{{Stem Cell Links}}
 
:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006]


|}
Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences.
 
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Jun 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223197
==Objectives==
* Understanding of stem cell history
* Understanding of stem cell types
* Understanding of stem cell identification/differentiation
* Understanding of advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell types
 
==Why Stem Cells==
{|
|
===Why are they in the News?===
* Scientific and Ethical
* Therapeutic uses
* Issues relating to human cloning
* Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
* Availability of human stem cell lines
|
===What are their uses?===
* Generation of “knock out” mice
* Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Therapeutic uses?
* Genetic disease
* Neurodegenerative
* Injury
|}
 
Medline Search [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=stem%20cell stem cell]  2002 - 110,920 | 2004 - 128,485 | 2005 - 140,966 | 2006 - 154,176 | 2011 - 190,069 | 2012 - '''210,393'''
 
==Research that led to Stem Cells==
 
* Human Diseases - Generation of “knock out” mice
* Human Development - Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Human Reproduction - Disorders, sterility
 
==Stem Cell Types==
===Tissue Stem Cells===
* differentiated cells have short life spans continually replaced
* blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
* fully differentiated cells do not proliferate
* proliferation of less differentiated- stem cells
* produce daughter cells that either differentiate or remain as stem cells
 
===Blood Cells===
[[Image:Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
** proliferation ceases at terminal stages of differentiation
 
=== Embryonic Stem Cells ===
[[Image:Progenitor and stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|Difference between a Progenitor and Stem Cell]]
 
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]
 
* What is a stem cell - Pluripotent (totipotent)
* Pluripotent - to describe stem cells that can give rise to cells derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)
* layers are embryonic source of all cells of the body
 
===Blastocyst===
* hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
* Only ES cells, which form inner cell mass, actually form the embryo.
* ES cells can be removed from the blastocyst and grown on lethally irradiated “feeder cells.” (See E. Robertson et al., 1986, Nature 323:445)
 
===Stem Cell Definition===
 
* cell that has ability to divide for indefinite periods
* self replicate
* throughout life of organism
* stem cells can differentiate
** conditions, signals
* to the many different cell types
 
 
===Chimeric Mouse===
* ES or teratocarcinoma - shows that stem cells can combine with cells of a normal blastocyst to form a healthy chimeric mouse
 
===Embryoid Bodies===
* spheroid cellular tissue culture structure
* mouse and human ES cells have the capacity to undergo controlled differentiation
* recapitulate some aspects of early development
** regional-specific differentiation program
** derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers
 
==Historic References==
{|
|
===Mouse===
<pubmed>6950406</pubmed>
<pubmed>6714319</pubmed>
<pubmed>3024164</pubmed>
|
 
===Pig and Sheep===
<pubmed>1843344</pubmed>
|-
|-
|
| NIH Report
 
| [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006]
===Primate===
<pubmed>7544005</pubmed>
 
|
===Human===
<pubmed>9804556</pubmed>
 
|}
|}




Stem Cell Lines [http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/StemCellProducts/tabid/170/Default.aspx ATCC - Embryonic Stem cell lines]
==Cord Blood Stem Cells ==
[[File:Cord blood induced stem cells 02.jpg|thumb|Cord blood induced stem cell differentiation]]
* Blood collected from the placental umbilical cord of a newborn baby shortly after birth (about 90 ml)
* blood stem cells that can be used to generate red blood cells and cells of the immune system
* collected, typed, stored in Cord Blood Bank (public and private Banks have arisen)
* available for use by the donor and compatible siblings
* suggested use to treat a range of blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukaemia, anaemia and autoimmune diseases
* cells also provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases.
* can now also be transformed into induced stem cells
:'''Links:''' [[Stem_Cells_-_Placental_Cord_Blood|Cord Stem Cells]]
==Adult Stem Cells==
* Connective Tissue
* Bone marrow - Blood Cells, Osteoclasts, blasts
* Epithelia - Gut, Skin (Epidermis: Immortal Stem Cell)
* Neural?
===Epithelium Stem Differentiation===
[[File:Epidermis-stem_cell_models.jpg|Epidermis stem cell models|thumb|300px|Epidermis stem cell models]]
* each generation at least 1 "immortal" stem cell - descendants present in patch in future
* Other basal cells - leave basal layer and differentiate
* Committed, born different or may be stem cells
** equivalent to immortal stem cell in character
** mortal in sense that their progeny jostled out of basal layer and shed from skin
Amplifying Cells
* Stem cells in many tissues divide only rarely
* give rise to transit amplifying cells
* daughters committed to differentiation that go through a limited series of more rapid divisions before completing the process.
* each stem cell division gives rise in this way to eight terminally differentiated progeny
Stem Cell Production - Stem Cell Daughter Fates
* Environmental asymmetry
** daughters are initially similar
** different pathways according to environmental influences that act on them after they are born
** number of stem cells can be increased or reduced to fit niche available
* Divisional asymmetry
** stem cell has an internal asymmetry
** divides in such a way two daughters are already have different determinants at time of their birth
:Links: [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp NIH - What are adult stem cells?]
==Induced Pluripotent Cells==
* non-pluripotent cells engineered to become pluripotent (iPSC), a cell with a specialized function ‘reprogrammed’ to an unspecialized state
[[File:Human induced pluripotent stem cells 01.jpg|thumb|Human iPS cell clones<ref><pubmed>20525219</pubmed>| [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/60 BMC Dev Biol.]</ref>]]
[[File:Mouse-_embryonic_stem_cell_signaling_regulation.jpg|thumb|embryonic stem cell signalling regulation]]
===Yamanaka Factors===
A set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation.<ref><pubmed>16904174</pubmed></ref> These four transcription factors can be expressed from doxycycline (dox)-inducible lentiviral vectors. The only culture difference in iPS cells and human embryonic stem cell culture is that iPS cell culture require 100ng/ml of bFGF in the culture media.
[http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_03.jpg  Outline of the MEF reprogramming protocol 1]
[http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_01.jpg  Outline of the MEF reprogramming protocol 2] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_02.jpg  stained with anti-Rex1, Sox2 and SSEA1 antibodies]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/164177 OCT4] Transcription factors containing the POU homeodomain
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/190080 MYC] The MYC protooncogene encodes a DNA-binding factor that can activate and repress transcription. Ectopic expression of c-Myc can also cause tumorigenicity in offspring.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/184429 SOX2] SRY-RELATED HMG-BOX GENE 2
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/602253 KLF4] Kruppel-like factor 4, zinc finger protein, transcription factor which acts as both an activator and repressor.
More recently shown that Oct4 together with either Klf4 or c-Myc is sufficient to generate iPS cells from neural stem cells.<ref><pubmed>18594515</pubmed></ref>
Thompson Factor
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/607937 NANOG]
:'''Links:''' [[Stem_Cells_-_Induced|Induced Stem Cells]] | [http://www.jove.com/Details.stp?ID=734 Video - Generating iPS Cells]
==Stem Cell Markers==
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.
[[File:Morula cell lines express ES markers.jpg|800px]]
Morula cell lines express ES markers<ref><pubmed>15917331</pubmed>| [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8239.full PNAS]</ref>
* Every cell surface has specialized proteins (receptors) that can selectively bind or adhere to other “signalling” molecules (ligands)
* Different types of receptors differ in structure and affinity for signalling molecules
* Cells use these receptors and molecules that bind to them as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their proper functions in the body
* Stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1, -3 and -4 and tumor-rejection antigen (TRA)-1-60 and -1-81, are expressed in specific combinations by undifferentiated pluripotent cells.
** embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, primordial germ cells, mesenchymal progenitors in adult murine bone marrow, and embryonic germ cells.
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1''' (SSEA-1) cell surface glycan embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-480 (SSEA-1).
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4''' (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-813-70 (SSEA-4)
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
** Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
* '''Oct-4''' (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
* '''Stem Cell Antigen 1''' (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
* CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.
* '''Alkaline Phosphatase''' - embryonic stem cell is characterized by high level of expression alkaline phosphatase (undifferentiated state) [http://www.atcc.org/ELFregPhosphataseDetectionKit/tabid/567/Default.aspx ATCC ELF Phosphatase Detection Kit for Embryonic Stem Cells]
Expression of Zfp42/Rex1 Gene - used as a marker of undifferentiated stem cells<ref><pubmed>16714766</pubmed></ref>
* regulated by Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4, and by the Wnt pathway
* subject to epigenetic regulation by polycomb complexes and DNA methylation
:Links: [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8239/F5.expansion.html PNAS - Molecular markers of ES cells in morula-derived cell lines]
==Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cells==
[[File:Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts.jpg|thumb|Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts]]
===Embryonic Stem Cell Advantages===
* Pluripotency - ability to differentiateinto any cell type.
* Immortal - one cell can supply endless amounts of cells.
* Easily available - human embryos from fertility clinics.
===Embryonic Stem Cell Disadvantages===
* Unstable - difficult to control differentiation into specific cell type.
* Immunogenic - potential immune rejection when transplanted into patients.
* Teratomas - tumor composed of tissues from 3 embryonic germ layers.
* Ethical Controversy - unethical for those who believes that life begins at conception.
===Adult Stem Cell Advantages===
* Already ‘specialised’ - induction of differentiation into specific cell types will be easier.
* Plasticity - Recent evidences suggest wider than previously thought ranges of tissue types can be derived.
* No Immune-rejection - if used in autologous transplantations.
* No Teratomas - unlike ES cells.
* No Ethical Controversy - sourced from adult tissues.
===Adult Stem Cell Disadvantages===
* Minimal quantity - number of isolatable cells may be small.
* Finite life-span - may have limited lifespan in culture.
* Ageing - stem cells from aged individuals may have higher chance of genetic damage due to ageing.
* Immunogenic - potential immune rejection if donor cells are derived from another individual.
==Current stem cell research==
[[Image:NIH stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|NIH - stem cell cartoon]]
How to:
* Isolate
* Grow
* Maintain, store
* Differentiate
* Therapeutic uses
== References ==
===Textbooks===
* Molecular Biology of the Cell Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]
* Molecular Cell Biology Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]
* The Cell- A Molecular Approach Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]
===Search===
* Online Textbooks "stem cell" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D Molecular Biology of the Cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D Molecular Cell Biology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D The Cell- A molecular Approach]
* Entrez [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] |  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]
==Images==
<gallery>
File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|Inner cell mass
File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation
File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|Blood stem cell
File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|Stem cell therapy
File:Mouse-_embryonic_stem_cell_signaling_regulation.jpg|stem cell signalling regulation
File:Epidermis-stem_cell_models.jpg|Epidermis stem cell models
File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_01.jpg|Human embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_01
File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_02.jpg|Human embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_02
File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_03.jpg|Different tissues
File:Human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cells_01.jpg|Human induced pluripotent_stem_cells
File:Early_lineage_markers_in_morulae_and_blastocysts.jpg|Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts
File:Morula_cell_lines_express_ES_markers.jpg|Morula cell lines express ES markers
</gallery>
==References==
<references/>
===Journals===


* [http://stemcellres.com/ Stem Cell Research & Therapy]
{{2017ANAT2341 footer}}

Latest revision as of 10:58, 15 October 2018

Introduction

Week 1 human development
Blastocyst development

Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.



Here are the slides for today's lecture 2018 - Stem cell biology and technology.



Objectives

  • Tissue development and regeneration Stem cell biology
  • Stem cell niches
  • Stem cell regulation
  • Stem cells and cancer Regenerative medicine
  • Stem cell sources
  • Future of regenerative medicine

Additional Lecture Resources

References  
UNSW Embryology logo
Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved March 28, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
Stem Cell Links: Introduction | Timeline | Placental Cord Blood | Adult | Induced pluripotent stem cell | Yamanaka Factors | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Ethics | Organoids | Adult Human Cell Types | Category:Stem Cell

Archive: 2016 PDF | 2015 PDF | 2014 PDF

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
  • Yamanaka Factors Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
  • John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism.

Stem Cells - Induced

Stem Cell Therapies Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings: Summary of a Joint Workshop.

Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Jun 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223197

NIH Report NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006


 2017 ANAT2341 - Timetable | Course Outline | Group Projects | Moodle | Tutorial 1 | Tutorial 2 | Tutorial 3

Labs: 1 Fertility and IVF | 2 ES Cells to Genome Editing | 3 Preimplantation and Early Implantation | 4 Reproductive Technology Revolution | 5 Cardiac and Vascular Development | 6 CRISPR-Cas9 | 7 Somitogenesis and Vertebral Malformation | 8 Organogenesis | 9 Genetic Disorders | 10 Melanocytes | 11 Stem Cells | 12 Group

Lectures: 1 Introduction | 2 Fertilization | 3 Week 1/2 | 4 Week 3 | 5 Ectoderm | 6 Placenta | 7 Mesoderm | 8 Endoderm | 9 Research Technology | 10 Cardiovascular | 11 Respiratory | 12 Neural crest | 13 Head | 14 Musculoskeletal | 15 Limb | 16 Renal | 17 Genital | 18 Endocrine | 19 Sensory | 20 Fetal | 21 Integumentary | 22 Birth | 23 Stem cells | 24 Revision

 Student Projects: 1 Cortex | 2 Kidney | 3 Heart | 4 Eye | 5 Lung | 6 Cerebellum