Klinefelter syndrome: Difference between revisions
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* '''Klinefelter syndrome: a multicentre study from KING group.'''{{#pmid30912057:PMID30912057}} "The prevalence and the etiopathogenesis of thyroid dysfunctions in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are still unclear. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenetic role of hypogonadism in the thyroid disorders described in KS, with the scope to distinguish between patients with KS and hypogonadism due to other causes (Kallmann syndrome, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, iatrogenic hypogonadism and acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after surgical removal of pituitary adenomas) called non-KS. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid function in KS and in non-KS hypogonadal patients. METHODS: This is a case-control multicentre study from KING group: Endocrinology clinics in university-affiliated medical centres. One hundred and seventy four KS, and sixty-two non-KS hypogonadal men were enrolled. The primary outcome was the prevalence of thyroid diseases in KS and in non-KS. Changes in hormonal parameters were evaluated. Exclusion criterion was secondary hypothyroidism. Analyses were performed using Student's t test. Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: FT4 was significantly lower in KS vs non-KS. KS and non-KS presented similar TSH and testosterone levels. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) was diagnosed in 7% of KS. Five KS developed hypothyroidism. The ratio FT3/FT4 was similar in both groups. TSH index was 1.9 in KS and 2.3 in non-KS. Adjustment for differences in age, sample size and concomitant disease in multivariate models did not alter the results. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated in KS no etiopathogenic link to hypogonadism or change in the set point of thyrotrophic control in the altered FT4 production. The prevalence of HT in KS was similar to normal male population, showing absence of increased risk of HT associated with the XXY karyotype." | |||
* '''Klinefelter Syndrome in Childhood: Variability in Clinical and Molecular Findings'''{{#pmid29022558:PMID29022558}} "Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common (1/500–1/1000) chromosomal disorder in males, but only 10% of cases are identified in childhood. This study aimed to review the data of children with KS to assess the age and presenting symptoms for diagnosis, clinical and laboratory findings, together with the presence of comorbidities. METHODS: Twenty-three KS patients were analyzed retrospectively. Age at admission, presenting symptoms, comorbid problems, height, weight, pubertal status, biochemical findings, hormone profiles, bone mineral density and karyotype were evaluated. Molecular analysis was also conducted in patients with ambiguous genitalia. RESULTS: The median age of patients at presentation was 3.0 (0.04-16.3) years. Most of the cases were diagnosed prenatally (n=15, 65.2%). Other reasons for admission were scrotal hypospadias (n=3, 14.3%), undescended testis (n=2, 9.5%), short stature (n=1, 4.8%), isolated micropenis (n=1, 4.8%) and a speech disorder (n=1, 4.8%). The most frequent clinical findings were neurocognitive disorders, speech impairment, social and behavioral problems and undescended testes. All except two patients were prepubertal at admission. Most of the patients (n=20, 86.9%) showed the classic 47,XXY karyotype. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene and androgen receptor gene mutations were detected in two of the three cases with genital ambiguity. CONCLUSION: Given the large number of underdiagnosed KS patients before adolescence, pediatricians need to be aware of the phenotypic variability of KS in childhood. Genetic analysis in KS patients may reveal mutations associated with other forms of disorders of sex development besides KS." | |||
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Revision as of 14:25, 1 April 2019
Embryology - 18 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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LD50.3 Klinefelter syndrome
ICD-11 LD50.3 Klinefelter syndrome |
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Introduction
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY, XXY syndrome or condition, XXY trisomy) affects male physical and cognitive development. The extra copy of genes on the X chromosome interferes with male sexual development and can prevent the normal function of the testis testes, reducing the levels of testosterone. The signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals.
Rare variations include 47,XXY/46,XY (mosaic syndrome) and Poly-X Klinefelter syndrome: 48,XXYY (or tetrasomy), 48,XXXY (or tetrasomy) and 49,XXXXY (or pentasomy).
First described in 1942 by Dr Harry Klinefelter.[1]
Genital System - Abnormalities
Some Recent Findings
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Features
Affects male physical and cognitive development. Small testes that do not produce as much testosterone as usual.
- delayed or incomplete puberty, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), reduced facial and body hair, and an inability to have biological children (infertility).
- Some affected individuals also have genital differences - undescended testes (cryptorchidism), (hypospadias), or an unusually small penis (micropenis).
- Children may have learning disabilities and delayed speech and language development. Tend to be quiet, sensitive, and unassertive, but personality characteristics vary among affected individuals.
- Older children and adults tend to be taller than their peers.
(Text modified from Genetics Home Reference - Klinefelter syndrome)
Diagnosis
Cytogenetics Tests
- Karyotyping
- FISH-interphase
Molecular Genetics Tests
- Detection of homozygosity
- Deletion/duplication analysis
- Targeted variant analysis
- Sequence analysis of the entire coding region
References
- ↑ Klinefelter HF. Reifenstein EC. and Albright F. Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia aspermatogenes without A-Leydigism and increased excretion of follicle stimulating hormone. (1942) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2:615–627.
Reviews
Articles
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Klinefelter syndrome
External Links
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- Genetics Home Reference Klinefelter syndrome
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Klinefelter syndrome. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Klinefelter_syndrome
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G