Joint Development - Temporomandibular Joint: Difference between revisions
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{{Header}} | {{Header}} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
The | The {{temporomandibular joint}} (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation between the ends of the mandible (lower jaw) and temporal bone, part of the {{skull}}. Both mastication and facial muscles are attached to the lower jaw. The earliest review of human embryonic and fetal TMJ development is by Symons in 1952.{{#pmid:12980883|PMID12980883}} | ||
In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution. | In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "joint", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape. In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution. | ||
{{Joint Links}} | {{Joint Links}} | ||
'''Historic Embryology:''' | |||
* {{Ref-Symons1952}} | |||
* {{Ref-Whillis1940}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Musculoskeletal Links}} | {{Musculoskeletal Links}} | ||
==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
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* '''Analysis by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Microscopy of the Intima Synovial of the Temporomandibular Joint of Human Fetuses during the Development''' | * '''Review - Diagnostic ultrasound assessment of temporomandibular joints'''{{#pmid:30285469|PMID30285469}} "The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the diagnostic capability of Ultrasound (US) to assess TMJ alterations as disc displacement (DD), joint effusion (JE) and condylar changes (CC) using 3D imaging modalities as reference standard. ...This systematic review demonstrated the US has acceptable capability to screen for DD and JE in TMD patients. For screening of condylar changes, US needs further studies using CT or CBCT as reference standard to support its use. More advanced imaging such as MRI can thereafter be used to confirm the diagnosis if deemed necessary." | ||
* '''Overexpression of Indian hedgehog partially rescues short stature homeobox 2-overexpression‑associated congenital dysplasia of the temporomandibular joint in mice'''{{#pmid:26096903|PMID26096903}} "The role of short stature homeobox 2 (shox2) in the development and homeostasis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been well documented. Shox2 is known to be expressed in the progenitor cells and perichondrium of the developing condyle. A previous study by our group reported that overexpression of shox2 leads to congenital dysplasia of the TMJ via downregulation of the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling pathway, which is essential for embryonic disc primordium formation and mandibular condylar growth. To determine whether overexpression of Ihh may rescue the overexpression of shox2 leading to congenital dysplasia of the TMJ, a mouse model in which Ihh and shox2 were overexpressed (Wnt1-Cre; pMes-stop shox2; pMes-stop Ihh mice) was utilized to assess the consequences of this overexpression on TMJ development during post-natal life. ... These combinatory cellular and molecular defects appeared to account for the observed congenital dysplasia of TMJ, suggesting that overexpression of Ihh partially rescued shox2 overexpression‑associated congenital dysplasia of the TMJ in mice." {{Mouse}} |[http://omim.org/entry/600726 OMIM IHH] | [http://omim.org/entry/602504 OMIM SHOX2] | |||
* '''Analysis by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Microscopy of the Intima Synovial of the Temporomandibular Joint of Human Fetuses during the Development'''{{#pmid:24527214|PMID24527214}} "To characterize morphologically and ultrastructurally using light microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy the intima synovial of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of human fetuses between the 10th and the 38th week of development. Materials and Methods. The TMJ was dissected bilaterally in 37 human fetuses belonging to the Institute of Embryology of the University Complutense of Madrid and of the Federal University of São Paulo. Results. The outcome by light microscopy showed the morphology of the TMJ and that the formation of inferior joint cavity precedes the superior joint cavity and the presence of blood vessels in the synovial. Conclusion. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy we observed the presence of two well-defined cell types in the intima layer of synovial of the TMJ of human fetuses, macrophage-like type A cell and fibroblast-like type B cell, and the presence of the a third cell type, defined by the name of intermediate lining cell in the intima layer of the synovial." | |||
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! More recent papers | ! More recent papers | ||
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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | ||
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<pubmed limit=5>Temporomandibular Joint Development</pubmed> | <pubmed limit=5>Temporomandibular Joint Development</pubmed> | ||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Older papers | |||
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==Fetal Development== | |||
These images are from a recent article on fetal human TMJ development.<ref name="PMID24527214"/> Weeks are {{GA}}. | |||
{| | |||
| width="400px"|[[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 01.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 01.jpg|Week 10]] Human fetus (55 mm GL)<br>frontal section {{HE}} Bar = 100u m. The inferior joint cavity is between the articular disc (D) and the mandibular condyle (C). Squamous part of the temporal bone (S); blood vessel (V); superficial temporal artery (TA). | |||
| width="400px"|[[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 02.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 02.jpg|Week 12]] Human fetus (95 mm GL)<br>frontal section {{HE}} Bar = 200u m. The superior and inferior joint cavities are visible. Articular disc (D). Blood vessel (V); squamous part of temporal bone (S); mandibular condyle (C); superficial temporal artery (TA). | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 03.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 03.jpg|Week 14]] Human fetus (125 mm GL)<br>sagittal section {{HE}} Bar = 200 u m. Blood vessel (V) and blood cells (arrows) are visible at the synovial. The inferior joint cavity is between the articular disc (D) and the mandibular condyle (C). Squamous part of the temporal bone (S); blood vessel (V); superficial temporal artery (TA). | |||
| [[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 04.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 04.jpg|Week 18]] Human fetus (175 mm GL).<br>Section of the posterior region of the superior joint cavity. Blood vessel (V); lining cells are visible at the synovial (arrows). | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 05.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 05.jpg|Week 28]] Human fetus (233 mm GL).<br>SEM the inferior joint cavity on the fibrous portion (C) of the condyle, the articular disc (D), and the synovial (arrows) is observed. | |||
| [[File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 06.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[:File:Fetal temporomandibular joint 06.jpg|Week 32]] Human fetus (300 mm GL)<br> | |||
SEM the synovial lining cell (A) with a smooth surface formed by polygonal cells with clear limits (arrows). | |||
|} | |||
==Joint Types== | ==Joint Types== | ||
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* Gliding - (intercarpal joints) Gliding movements | * Gliding - (intercarpal joints) Gliding movements | ||
==Molecular== | |||
===Indian Hedgehog (IHH)=== | |||
* Human cytogenetic location - 2q35 | |||
* 336 amino acid protein. | |||
* Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and IHH N-terminals share 91.4% identity, C-terminal halves significantly different. | |||
* expressed in the prehypertrophic chondrocytes of cartilage elements. | |||
:Links: [[Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog|Sonic hedgehog]] | [http://omim.org/entry/600726 OMIM IHH] | |||
===Short Stature Homeobox 2 (SHOX2)=== | |||
* Human cytogenetic location - 3q25.32 | |||
Links: [http://omim.org/entry/602504 OMIM SHOX2] | |||
==Temporomandibular Abnormalities== | ==Temporomandibular Abnormalities== | ||
==Historic== | |||
1910 - [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E#Tempomandibular_Joint|Tempomandibular Joint]]<ref name=Bardeen1910>{{Ref-Bardeen1910}}</ref> | |||
This joint is developed between the membrane which covers the condyle of the mandible and the periosteum of the squamosum. In the loose tissue between the two a condensation marks the beginning of the differentiation of the discus articularis. On each side of this discus a joint cavity develops. Each joint cavity is throughout life lined by fibrous tissue. Beneath the joint periosteum of the mandible and of the temporal bone a thin layer of cartilage is produced (see Kjellberg, 1904). | |||
* according to Walliseh (1906), in the new-bom the tubereulum articulare is still undeveloped and the condyle is flatter than in the adult. The condyle reaches its definitive form and the tubereulum is developed after the teeth appear. | |||
* according to Fuebs (1905), tbe temparomandibular joint in rabbits, and hence by inference in other mammals, is homologous with the quadra to-articular joint of reptiles. As mentioned above, following Reiehert, most investigators have come to the conclusion that the reptilian quadra to-articular joint is represented in mammals by tbe joint between the malleus and incus, while the temporomandibular joint of mammals is phylogenetieally a new structure, a squamosodental joint. (See Gaupp, 1906.) | |||
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===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
{{#pmid:18778456}} | |||
{{#pmid:17234536}} | |||
{{#pmid:12980883}} | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
{{#pmid:10321990}} | |||
{{#pmid:3855934}} | |||
===Search PubMed=== | ===Search PubMed=== | ||
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Temporomandibular%20Joint%20Development Temporomandibular Joint Development] | |||
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term= | |||
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Fetal temporomandibular joint 02.jpg|Fetal temporomandibular joint 12 weeks | Fetal temporomandibular joint 02.jpg|Fetal temporomandibular joint 12 weeks | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
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* [http://omim.org/ '''OMIM'''] - [[Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog|Sonic hedgehog]] | [http://omim.org/entry/600726 600726 IHH] | [http://omim.org/entry/602504 602504 SHOX2] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:40, 28 October 2018
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Introduction
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation between the ends of the mandible (lower jaw) and temporal bone, part of the skull. Both mastication and facial muscles are attached to the lower jaw. The earliest review of human embryonic and fetal TMJ development is by Symons in 1952.[1]
In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "joint", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape. In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.
Joint Links: joint | synovial joint | temporomandibular joint | musculoskeletal | cartilage | Category:Joint | ||
|
Historic Embryology:
- Symons NB. The development of the human mandibular joint. (1952) J Anat. 86(3):326-32. PMID 12980883
- Whillis J. The development of synovial joints. (1940) J Anat. 74(Pt 2): 277-283. PMID: 17104813
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Temporomandibular Joint Development <pubmed limit=5>Temporomandibular Joint Development</pubmed> |
Older papers |
---|
Fetal Development
These images are from a recent article on fetal human TMJ development.[4] Weeks are GA.
Week 10 Human fetus (55 mm GL) |
Week 12 Human fetus (95 mm GL) |
Week 14 Human fetus (125 mm GL) |
Week 18 Human fetus (175 mm GL). |
Week 28 Human fetus (233 mm GL). |
Week 32 Human fetus (300 mm GL) |
Joint Types
Classification
- Fibrous (synarthrodial) - immoveable joints found in cranial vault and teeth
- Cartilagenous (synchondroses and sympheses) - partially moveable joints
- Synovial (diarthrosis) - freely moveable joints are the most common found in the skeleton
Movement
- Hinge - (elbow and knee) Flexion/Extension
- Pivot - (neck, atlas and axis bones) Rotation of one bone around another
- Ball and Socket - (shoulder and hip)
- Saddle - (thumb)
- Condyloid - (wrist joints)
- Gliding - (intercarpal joints) Gliding movements
Molecular
Indian Hedgehog (IHH)
- Human cytogenetic location - 2q35
- 336 amino acid protein.
- Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and IHH N-terminals share 91.4% identity, C-terminal halves significantly different.
- expressed in the prehypertrophic chondrocytes of cartilage elements.
- Links: Sonic hedgehog | OMIM IHH
Short Stature Homeobox 2 (SHOX2)
- Human cytogenetic location - 3q25.32
Links: OMIM SHOX2
Temporomandibular Abnormalities
Historic
1910 - Tempomandibular Joint[5]
This joint is developed between the membrane which covers the condyle of the mandible and the periosteum of the squamosum. In the loose tissue between the two a condensation marks the beginning of the differentiation of the discus articularis. On each side of this discus a joint cavity develops. Each joint cavity is throughout life lined by fibrous tissue. Beneath the joint periosteum of the mandible and of the temporal bone a thin layer of cartilage is produced (see Kjellberg, 1904).
- according to Walliseh (1906), in the new-bom the tubereulum articulare is still undeveloped and the condyle is flatter than in the adult. The condyle reaches its definitive form and the tubereulum is developed after the teeth appear.
- according to Fuebs (1905), tbe temparomandibular joint in rabbits, and hence by inference in other mammals, is homologous with the quadra to-articular joint of reptiles. As mentioned above, following Reiehert, most investigators have come to the conclusion that the reptilian quadra to-articular joint is represented in mammals by tbe joint between the malleus and incus, while the temporomandibular joint of mammals is phylogenetieally a new structure, a squamosodental joint. (See Gaupp, 1906.)
References
- ↑ SYMONS NB. (1952). The development of the human mandibular joint. J. Anat. , 86, 326-32. PMID: 12980883
- ↑ Almeida FT, Major P, Jaremko JL, Le LH, Flores-Mir C & Pachêco-Pereira C. (2018). Diagnostic ultrasound assessment of temporomandibular joints: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol , , 20180144. PMID: 30285469 DOI.
- ↑ Li X, Liang W, Ye H, Weng X, Liu F, Lin P & Liu X. (2015). Overexpression of Indian hedgehog partially rescues short stature homeobox 2-overexpression-associated congenital dysplasia of the temporomandibular joint in mice. Mol Med Rep , 12, 4157-64. PMID: 26096903 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Alvez CS, Carvalho de Moraes LO, Marques SR, Tedesco RC, Harb LJ, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Mérida-Velasco JR & Alonso LG. (2014). Analysis by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Microscopy of the Intima Synovial of the Temporomandibular Joint of Human Fetuses during the Development. Anat Res Int , 2014, 732720. PMID: 24527214 DOI.
- ↑ Bardeen CR. XI. Development of the Skeleton and of the Connective Tissues in Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology I. (1910) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Online Textbooks
Developmental Biology Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc. ; c2000 Forming the joints
Reviews
Kaneyama K, Segami N & Hatta T. (2008). Congenital deformities and developmental abnormalities of the mandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) , 48, 118-25. PMID: 18778456 DOI.
Abramowicz S, Marshall CJ, Dolwick MF & Cohen D. (2007). Vascular malformation of the temporomandibular joint: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod , 103, 203-6. PMID: 17234536 DOI.
SYMONS NB. (1952). The development of the human mandibular joint. J. Anat. , 86, 326-32. PMID: 12980883
Articles
Mérida-Velasco JR, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Mérida-Velasco JA, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Espín-Ferra J & Jiménez-Collado J. (1999). Development of the human temporomandibular joint. Anat. Rec. , 255, 20-33. PMID: 10321990
Perry HT, Xu Y & Forbes DP. (1985). The embryology of the temporomandibular joint. Cranio , 3, 125-32. PMID: 3855934
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Temporomandibular Joint Development
Additional Images
External Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Joint Development - Temporomandibular Joint. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Joint_Development_-_Temporomandibular_Joint
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G