Integumentary System - Tooth Development: Difference between revisions

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There are 4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation.
There are four key morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation.


{{tooth stages table}}
{{tooth stages table}}

Revision as of 12:53, 9 January 2019

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Introduction

The tooth is an extrordinary integumentary system specialization providing insights into epitheilal/mesenchymal (ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells) interactions in development and has a major contribution from the neural crest. (More? Neural Crest Development)


There are four key morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation.

lamina placode bud cap bell
lamina placode stage bud stage cap stage bell stage



Links: Gastrointestinal Tract Development

Integumentary Links: integumentary | Lecture | hair | tooth | nail | integumentary gland | mammary gland | vernix caseosa | melanocyte | touch | Eyelid | outer ear | Histology | integumentary abnormalities | Category:Integumentary
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Historic Embryology - Integumentary  
1906 Papillary ridges | 1910 Manual of Human Embryology | 1914 Integumentary | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1921 Text-Book of Embryology | 1924 Developmental Anatomy | 1941 Skin Sensory | Historic Disclaimer
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Historic Tooth Development  
1902 Tooth Development | 1912 The Teeth | 1921 The Teeth

Some Recent Findings

Neonatal rat teeth
  • Autocrine regulation of mesenchymal progenitor cell fates orchestrates tooth eruption[1] "Formation of functional skeletal tissues requires highly organized steps of mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation. The dental follicle (DF) surrounding the developing tooth harbors mesenchymal progenitor cells for various differentiated cells constituting the tooth root–bone interface and coordinates tooth eruption in a manner dependent on signaling by parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PPR). However, the identity of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the DF and how they are regulated by PTHrP-PPR signaling remain unknown. Here, we show that the PTHrP-PPR autocrine signal maintains physiological cell fates of DF mesenchymal progenitor cells to establish the functional periodontal attachment apparatus and orchestrates tooth eruption. A single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed cellular heterogeneity of PTHrP+ cells, wherein PTHrP+ DF subpopulations abundantly express PPR. Cell lineage analysis using tamoxifen-inducible PTHrP-creER mice revealed that PTHrP+ DF cells differentiate into cementoblasts on the acellular cementum, periodontal ligament cells, and alveolar cryptal bone osteoblasts during tooth root formation. PPR deficiency induced a cell fate shift of PTHrP+ DF mesenchymal progenitor cells to nonphysiological cementoblast-like cells precociously forming the cellular cementum on the root surface associated with up-regulation of Mef2c and matrix proteins, resulting in loss of the proper periodontal attachment apparatus and primary failure of tooth eruption, closely resembling human genetic conditions caused by PPR mutations."
  • Upstream Enhancer Elements of Shh Regulate Oral and Dental Patterning[2] "Sonic hedgehog ( Shh) is important in pattern formation during development. Shh transcription is modulated by a long-range regulatory mechanism containing a number of enhancers, which are spread over nearly 850 kb in the mouse genome. Shh enhancers in the nervous system have been found between intron and 430 kb upstream of Shh. Enhancers in the oral cavity, pharynx, lung, gut, and limbs have been discovered between 610 kb and 850 kb upstream of Shh. However, the intergenic region ranging from 430 to 610 kb upstream of Shh remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found a novel long-range enhancer located 558 kb upstream of Shh. The enhancer showed in vivo activity in oral cavity and whiskers. A targeted deletion from the novel enhancer to mammal reptile conserved sequence 1 (MRCS1), which is a known enhancer of Shh in oral cavity, resulted in supernumerary molar formation, confirming the essential role of this intergenic region for Shh transcription in teeth. Furthermore, we clarified the binding of Lef1/Tcfs to the new enhancer and MRCS1, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates Shh signaling in the oral cavity via these enhancers." SHH
  • Review - PAX9 gene mutations and tooth agenesis[3] "Paired box 9 (PAX9) is one of the best-known transcription factors involved in the development of human dentition. Mutations in PAX9 gene could, therefore, seriously influence the number, position and morphology of the teeth in an affected individual. To date, over 50 mutations in the gene have been reported as associated with various types of dental agenesis (congenitally missing teeth) and other inherited dental defects or variations. The most common consequence of PAX9 gene mutation is the autosomal-dominant isolated (non-syndromic) oligodontia or hypodontia. In the present review, we are summarizing all known PAX9 mutations as well as their nature and precise loci in the DNA sequence of the gene." PAX
More recent papers  
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  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Tooth Embryology | Tooth Development

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

  • Epithelial stratification and placode invagination are separable functions in early morphogenesis of the molar tooth[4] "Ectodermal organs, which include teeth, hair follicles, mammary ducts, and glands such as sweat, mucous and sebaceous glands, are initiated in development as placodes, which are epithelial thickenings that invaginate and bud into the underlying mesenchyme. These placodes are stratified into a basal and several suprabasal layers of cells. The mechanisms driving stratification and invagination are poorly understood. ...We present a model in which FGF generates suprabasal tissue by asymmetric cell division, while Shh triggers cell rearrangement in this tissue to drive invagination all the way to bud formation."
  • Fate of HERS during tooth root development.[5] "Tooth root development begins after the completion of crown formation in mammals. Previous studies have shown that Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) plays an important role in root development, but the fate of HERS has remained unknown. In order to investigate the morphological fate and analyze the dynamic movement of HERS cells in vivo, we generated K14-Cre;R26R mice. HERS cells are detectable on the surface of the root throughout root formation and do not disappear. Most of the HERS cells are attached to the surface of the cementum, and others separate to become the epithelial rest of Malassez. HERS cells secrete extracellular matrix components onto the surface of the dentin before dental follicle cells penetrate the HERS network to contact dentin. HERS cells also participate in the cementum development and may differentiate into cementocytes. During root development, the HERS is not interrupted, and instead the HERS cells continue to communicate with each other through the network structure. Furthermore, HERS cells interact with cranial neural crest derived mesenchyme to guide root development. Taken together, the network of HERS cells is crucial for tooth root development."
  • Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ.[6] "examined the expression patterns of several regulatory genes, including BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, PAX9, PITX2, and SHOX2, and compared them with that found in mice. ...results indicate that, although slight differences exist in the gene expression patterns, the human and mouse teeth not only share considerable homology in odontogenesis but also use similar underlying molecular networks."

Textbooks

  • Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Chapter 14 p443-455
  • The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 20: P513-529
  • Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 21: P481-496
  • Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Chapter 14: P303-315
  • Human Embryology, Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald
  • Color Atlas of Clinical Embryology Moore Persaud and Shiota Chapter 15: p231-236

Movies

Mouse-tooth-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Tooth E12.5-17
Page | Play
This time-lapse movie from a mouse embryo (E 12.5–13.5) cultured for 5 days ex vivo, images were taken at 30-min intervals.[7]

The tooth germ is from a developing molar and the lingual side is on the left.


Development Overview

  • ectoderm, mesoderm and neural crest ectomesenchyme contribute
  • inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm

Odontoblast Cells

The odontoblast cells are a population of neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells.

  • differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium
  • form predentin
  • calcifies to form dentin


Ameloblast Cells

The ameloblast cells a population of ectoderm-derived oral epithelium cells that produce the tooth enamal.

  • Molecular - BMP and FGF
  • tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws
  • periodontal ligament holds tooth in bone socket


Tooth Stages

Tooth development stages[8]
Stage
Image
Human
(weeks)
Mouse
(days)
lamina lamina Week 6 E 11
placode placode stage Week 7 E 11.5
bud bud stage Week 8 E 12.5
cap cap stage Week 11 E 14.5
bell bell stage Week 14 E 15.5
Tooth Stages  
Stage
Image
Human
(weeks)
Mouse
(days)
lamina lamina Week 6 E11
placode placode stage Week 7 E11.5
bud bud stage Week 8 E12.5
cap cap stage Week 11 E14.5
bell bell stage Week 14 E15.5


Image Links: all stages | lamina | placode stage | bud stage | cap stage | bell stage

Human 2 Sets of Teeth

Human permanent teeth appearance (eruption)

Human Dentition Timeline

The milk dentition
Median incisors 6th to 8th month
Lateral incisors 8th to 12th month
First molars 12th to 16th month
Canines 1 7th to 20th month
Second molars 20th to 24th month
The permanent dentition
First molars 7th year
Median incisors 8th year
Lateral incisors 9th year
First premolars 10th year
Second premolars 11th year
Canines 13th to 14th year
Second molars 13th to 14th year
Third molars 17th to 40th year
Source: The Teeth (1912)[9]

Deciduous Teeth

  • 20 deciduous teeth
  • Differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period

Deciduous teeth

Permanent Teeth

Human adult mandibular teeth pattern
  • 32 permanent teeth
  • Incisors - sharp cutting edge, adapted for biting the food.
  • Canines - are larger and stronger than the incisors. The upper canines have also been called the "eye teeth", while the lower canines "stomach teeth".
  • Premolars - or Bicuspid teeth are smaller and shorter than the canines.
  • Molars - are the largest teeth adapted for grinding and pounding food.


Permanent teeth

Epithelial Mesenchymal Interaction

local ectodermal thickening expresses several signaling molecules these in turn signal to the underlying mesenchyme triggering mesenchymal condensation (epithelially expressed Bmp4 induces Msx1 and Lef1 as well as itself in the underlying mesenchyme)

Four epithelial signaling molecules, Bmp2, Shh, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, in the early inductive cascade, each signal has a distinct molecular action on the jaw mesenchyme.

Mouse (E11.0 and E12.0) - all four genes are specifically expressed in the epithelium.

Shh and Wnt10b induce general Hedgehog and Wnt targets, Ptc and Gli for Shh and Lef1 for Wnt10b,

Bmp2 is able to induce tooth-specific expression of Msx1.

(Text above modified from: Hélène R. Dassule and Andrew P. McMahon Developmental Biology, v 202, n 2, October 15, 1998, p215-227)

(More? Developmental Mechanism - Epithelial Mesenchymal Interaction)

Periodontal Ligament

The tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.

The additional roles of the PDL are to also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).

The collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey’s fibres".

Cementum (from investing layer of the dental follicle) is contiguous layer with the periodontal ligament on one surface and firmly adherent to dentine on the other surface.

Molecular Tooth Development

Tooth molecular development[8]

More than 300 genes have been associated with tooth development including: BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, MSX2, PAX9, PITX2, SHOX2, Delta/Notch, Hox-8, Runx2

Most recent review in Developmental Dynamics by Lin D, Huang Y, He F, Gu S, Zhang G, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ. Dev Dyn. 2007 Mar 29.

Amelogenin - abundant protein secreted by ameloblasts which is a major component of tooth enamel.

The papers below are from UNSW Embryology (version 3), information requires updating.

Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) / Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)

Growth factors in the BMP- and FGF-families are expressed in dental epithelium during initiation of tooth development and their effects on the underlying mesenchyme mimic those of the epithelium. They upregulate the expression of many genes, including the homeobox-containing Msx-1 and Msx-2, and stimulate cell proliferation suggesting that they may act as epithelial signals transmitting epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. During subsequent morphogenesis, when the characteristic shapes of individual teeth develop as a result from folding of the dental epithelium, several signal molecules including Sonic hedgehog, Bmps-2, 4, 7 and Fgf-4 are expressed specifically in restricted and transient epithelial cell clusters, called enamel knots.

(Text: Irma Thesleff and Carin Sahlberg Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, v 7, n 2, April, 1996, p185-193)

Delta/Notch

The expression pattern of Delta 1 in ameloblasts and odontoblasts is complementary to Notch1, Notch2, and Notch3 expression in adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Notch1 and Notch2 are upregulated in explants of dental mesenchyme adjacent to implanted cells expressing Delta1, suggesting that feedback regulation by Delta-Notch signaling ensures the spatial segregation of Notch receptors and ligands. TGF1 and BMPs induce Delta1 expression in dental mesenchyme explants at the stage at which Delta1 is upregulated in vivo, but not at earlier stages. In contrast to the Notch family receptors and their ligand Jagged1, expression of Delta1 in the tooth germ is not affected by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, showing that the Notch receptors and their two ligands Jagged1 and Delta1 are subject to different regulations.

Text: Mitsiadis etal Developmental Biology,v 204, n 2, December 15, 1998, p420-431


BMP4 expression by the interaction of Pax9 with Msx1 at the level of transcription and protein complex determines the fate of the transition from bud to cap stage during tooth development.[10]

Twist1 a basic helix-loop-helix-containing transcription factor expressed in dental mesenchyme during the early stages of tooth development acts through the FGF signaling pathway.[11]

Foxi3 forkhead-box transcription factor inhibits formation of enamel knots and cervical loops and therefore the differentiation of dental epithelium.[12]

Abnormalities

Inherited dentine disorders[13]

Adontia

A total lack of tooth development.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

The teeth are translucent and often roughened with severe amber discolouration. Discoloured teeth with an opalescent sheen, dentin does not support enamel (dentin sialophosphoprotein mutation)

Dentine dysplasia

The primary teeth are translucent and amber in colour whereas the erupting secondary central incisors are of normal appearance.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Abnormal tooth enamel formation (AMELX, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20).

Dens Evaginatus

Dental anomaly mainly affecting premolars in people of Mongolian origin.

Hypodontia

Lack of development of one or more teeth.

Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

Maldevelopment of one or more ectodermal-derived tissues.

Microdontia

Small teeth.

Hutchinson's teeth

(Hutchinson's incisor, Hutchinson's sign, Hutchinson-Boeck teeth) Historic clinical term for an infant tooth abnormality associated with congenital syphilis. Teeth are smaller, more widely spaced than normal and have notches on the biting surfaces. Named after Jonathan Hutchinson (1828 – 1913) an English surgeon and pathologist, who first described this association.


Links: Abnormal Development - Syphilis

References

  1. Akira Takahashi, etal. Autocrine regulation of mesenchymal progenitor cell fates orchestrates tooth eruption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2019, 116 (2) 575-580; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810200115 https://www.pnas.org/content/116/2/575
  2. Seo H, Amano T, Seki R, Sagai T, Kim J, Cho SW & Shiroishi T. (2018). Upstream Enhancer Elements of Shh Regulate Oral and Dental Patterning. J. Dent. Res. , , 22034518758642. PMID: 29481312 DOI.
  3. Bonczek O, Balcar VJ & Šerý O. (2017). PAX9 gene mutations and tooth agenesis: A review. Clin. Genet. , 92, 467-476. PMID: 28155232 DOI.
  4. Li J, Chatzeli L, Panousopoulou E, Tucker AS & Green JB. (2016). Epithelial stratification and placode invagination are separable functions in early morphogenesis of the molar tooth. Development , 143, 670-81. PMID: 26755699 DOI.
  5. Huang X, Bringas P, Slavkin HC & Chai Y. (2009). Fate of HERS during tooth root development. Dev. Biol. , 334, 22-30. PMID: 19576204 DOI.
  6. Lin D, Huang Y, He F, Gu S, Zhang G, Chen Y & Zhang Y. (2007). Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ. Dev. Dyn. , 236, 1307-12. PMID: 17394220 DOI.
  7. Morita R, Kihira M, Nakatsu Y, Nomoto Y, Ogawa M, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Tachikawa T, Ishimoto Y, Morishita Y & Tsuji T. (2016). Coordination of Cellular Dynamics Contributes to Tooth Epithelium Deformations. PLoS ONE , 11, e0161336. PMID: 27588418 DOI.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH & Koussoulakos SL. (2009). A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. Int. J. Biol. Sci. , 5, 226-43. PMID: 19266065
  9. Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology II. (1912) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
  10. Ogawa T, Kapadia H, Feng JQ, Raghow R, Peters H & D'Souza RN. (2006). Functional consequences of interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 genes in normal and abnormal tooth development. J. Biol. Chem. , 281, 18363-9. PMID: 16651263 DOI.
  11. Meng T, Huang Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Dechow PC, Wang X, Qin C, Shi B, D'Souza RN & Lu Y. (2015). Twist1 Is Essential for Tooth Morphogenesis and Odontoblast Differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. , 290, 29593-602. PMID: 26487719 DOI.
  12. Jussila M, Aalto AJ, Sanz Navarro M, Shirokova V, Balic A, Kallonen A, Ohyama T, Groves AK, Mikkola ML & Thesleff I. (2015). Suppression of epithelial differentiation by Foxi3 is essential for molar crown patterning. Development , 142, 3954-63. PMID: 26450968 DOI.
  13. Barron MJ, McDonnell ST, Mackie I & Dixon MJ. (2008). Hereditary dentine disorders: dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentine dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis , 3, 31. PMID: 19021896 DOI.


Journals

Reviews

Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M & Lesot H. (2014). Three-dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition. Aust Dent J , 59 Suppl 1, 55-80. PMID: 24495023 DOI.

Bei M. (2009). Molecular genetics of tooth development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , 19, 504-10. PMID: 19875280 DOI.

Seppala M, Zoupa M, Onyekwelu O & Cobourne MT. (2006). Tooth development: 1. Generating teeth in the embryo. Dent Update , 33, 582-4, 586-8, 590-1. PMID: 17209531

Thesleff I. (2006). The genetic basis of tooth development and dental defects. Am. J. Med. Genet. A , 140, 2530-5. PMID: 16838332 DOI.

Tompkins K. (2006). Molecular mechanisms of cytodifferentiation in mammalian tooth development. Connect. Tissue Res. , 47, 111-8. PMID: 16753804 DOI.

Cobourne MT & Sharpe PT. (2003). Tooth and jaw: molecular mechanisms of patterning in the first branchial arch. Arch. Oral Biol. , 48, 1-14. PMID: 12615136

Sharpe PT. (2001). Neural crest and tooth morphogenesis. Adv. Dent. Res. , 15, 4-7. PMID: 12640730 DOI.

Articles

Lin D, Huang Y, He F, Gu S, Zhang G, Chen Y & Zhang Y. (2007). Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ. Dev. Dyn. , 236, 1307-12. PMID: 17394220 DOI.

Nakatomi M, Morita I, Eto K & Ota MS. (2006). Sonic hedgehog signaling is important in tooth root development. J. Dent. Res. , 85, 427-31. PMID: 16632755 DOI.

Ogawa T, Kapadia H, Feng JQ, Raghow R, Peters H & D'Souza RN. (2006). Functional consequences of interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 genes in normal and abnormal tooth development. J. Biol. Chem. , 281, 18363-9. PMID: 16651263 DOI.

Kettunen P & Thesleff I. (1998). Expression and function of FGFs-4, -8, and -9 suggest functional redundancy and repetitive use as epithelial signals during tooth morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. , 211, 256-68. PMID: 9520113 <256::AID-AJA7>3.0.CO;2-G DOI.

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Tooth Development | odontogenesis | tooth morphogenesis | adontia | amelogenesis imperfecta | dens evaginatus | hypodontia

Additional Images

Category:Tooth | Category:Integumentary

Historic

Development and Morphology of the Teeth (1902)

The Teeth (1912)

The Teeth (1921)

Terms

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Integumentary System - Tooth Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Tooth_Development

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