Integumentary System - Tooth Development: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 12:44, 21 September 2010

Introduction

Neonatal rat teeth

The tooth is an extrordinary integumentary system specialization providing insights into epitheilal/mesenchymal (ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells) interactions in development and develops with a major contribution from the neural crest. (More? Neural Crest Notes)

There are 4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation.

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Some Recent Findings

  • Fate of HERS during tooth root development.[1] "Tooth root development begins after the completion of crown formation in mammals. Previous studies have shown that Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) plays an important role in root development, but the fate of HERS has remained unknown. In order to investigate the morphological fate and analyze the dynamic movement of HERS cells in vivo, we generated K14-Cre;R26R mice. HERS cells are detectable on the surface of the root throughout root formation and do not disappear. Most of the HERS cells are attached to the surface of the cementum, and others separate to become the epithelial rest of Malassez. HERS cells secrete extracellular matrix components onto the surface of the dentin before dental follicle cells penetrate the HERS network to contact dentin. HERS cells also participate in the cementum development and may differentiate into cementocytes. During root development, the HERS is not interrupted, and instead the HERS cells continue to communicate with each other through the network structure. Furthermore, HERS cells interact with cranial neural crest derived mesenchyme to guide root development. Taken together, the network of HERS cells is crucial for tooth root development."
  • Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ.[2] "examined the expression patterns of several regulatory genes, including BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, PAX9, PITX2, and SHOX2, and compared them with that found in mice. ...results indicate that, although slight differences exist in the gene expression patterns, the human and mouse teeth not only share considerable homology in odontogenesis but also use similar underlying molecular networks."
  • Functional consequences of interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 genes in normal and abnormal tooth development[3] "Pax9 and Msx1 encode transcription factors that are known to be essential for the switch in odontogenic potential from the epithelium to the mesenchyme. ... Our findings demonstrate the partnership of Pax9 and Msx1 in a signaling pathway that involves Bmp4. Furthermore, the regulation of Bmp4 expression by the interaction of Pax9 with Msx1 at the level of transcription and through formation of a protein complex determines the fate of the transition from bud to cap stage during tooth development."

Textbooks

  • Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Chapter 14 p443-455
  • The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 20: P513-529
  • Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 21: P481-496
  • Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Chapter 14: P303-315
  • Human Embryology, Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald
  • Color Atlas of Clinical Embryology Moore Persaud and Shiota Chapter 15: p231-236


Development Overview

  • ectoderm, mesoderm and neural crest ectomesenchyme contribute
  • inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm

Odontoblasts

  • neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells
  • differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium
  • form predentin
  • calcifies to form dentin

Ameloblasts

  • produce enamal
  • tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws
  • periodontal ligament holds tooth in bone socket

Tooth Stages

Tooth development stages
Stage Image Human (weeks) Mouse (days)
lamina lamina Week 6 E11
placode placode stage Week 7 E11.5
bud bud stage Week 8 E12.5
cap cap stage 11 E14.5
bell bell stage 14 E15.5


Images: all stages | lamina | placode stage | bud stage | cap stage | bell stage

Human 2 Sets of Teeth

Human adult mandibular teeth pattern

Deciduous Teeth

  • 20 deciduous teeth
  • Differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period

Deciduous teeth

Permanent Teeth

Human permanent teeth appearance (eruption)
  • 32 permanent teeth

Permanent teeth

Epithelial Mesenchymal Interaction

local ectodermal thickening expresses several signaling molecules these in turn signal to the underlying mesenchyme triggering mesenchymal condensation (epithelially expressed Bmp4 induces Msx1 and Lef1 as well as itself in the underlying mesenchyme)

Four epithelial signaling molecules, Bmp2, Shh, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, in the early inductive cascade, each signal has a distinct molecular action on the jaw mesenchyme.

Mouse (E11.0 and E12.0) - all four genes are specifically expressed in the epithelium.

Shh and Wnt10b induce general Hedgehog and Wnt targets, Ptc and Gli for Shh and Lef1 for Wnt10b,

Bmp2 is able to induce tooth-specific expression of Msx1.

(Text above modified from: Hélène R. Dassule and Andrew P. McMahon Developmental Biology, v 202, n 2, October 15, 1998, p215-227)

(More? Developmental Mechanism - Epithelial Mesenchymal Interaction)

Periodontal Ligament

The tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.

The additional roles of the PDL are to also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).

The collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey’s fibres".

Cementum (from investing layer of the dental follicle) is contiguous layer with the periodontal ligament on one surface and firmly adherent to dentine on the other surface.

Molecular Tooth Development

Tooth molecular development[4]

More than 300 genes have been associated with tooth development including: BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, MSX2, PAX9, PITX2, SHOX2, Delta/Notch, Hox-8, Runx2

Most recent review in Developmental Dynamics by Lin D, Huang Y, He F, Gu S, Zhang G, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ. Dev Dyn. 2007 Mar 29.

Amelogenin - abundant protein secreted by ameloblasts which is a major component of tooth enamel.

The papers below are from UNSW Embryology (version 3), information requires updating.

Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) / Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)

Growth factors in the BMP- and FGF-families are expressed in dental epithelium during initiation of tooth development and their effects on the underlying mesenchyme mimic those of the epithelium. They upregulate the expression of many genes, including the homeobox-containing Msx-1 and Msx-2, and stimulate cell proliferation suggesting that they may act as epithelial signals transmitting epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. During subsequent morphogenesis, when the characteristic shapes of individual teeth develop as a result from folding of the dental epithelium, several signal molecules including Sonic hedgehog, Bmps-2, 4, 7 and Fgf-4 are expressed specifically in restricted and transient epithelial cell clusters, called enamel knots.

(Text: Irma Thesleff and Carin Sahlberg Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, v 7, n 2, April, 1996, p185-193)

Delta/Notch

The expression pattern of Delta 1 in ameloblasts and odontoblasts is complementary to Notch1, Notch2, and Notch3 expression in adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Notch1 and Notch2 are upregulated in explants of dental mesenchyme adjacent to implanted cells expressing Delta1, suggesting that feedback regulation by Delta-Notch signaling ensures the spatial segregation of Notch receptors and ligands. TGF1 and BMPs induce Delta1 expression in dental mesenchyme explants at the stage at which Delta1 is upregulated in vivo, but not at earlier stages. In contrast to the Notch family receptors and their ligand Jagged1, expression of Delta1 in the tooth germ is not affected by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, showing that the Notch receptors and their two ligands Jagged1 and Delta1 are subject to different regulations.

Text: Mitsiadis etal Developmental Biology,v 204, n 2, December 15, 1998, p420-431

Abnormalities

Inherited dentine disorders[5]

Adontia

A total lack of tooth development.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

The teeth are translucent and often roughened with severe amber discolouration. Discoloured teeth with an opalescent sheen, dentin does not support enamel (dentin sialophosphoprotein mutation)

Dentine dysplasia

The primary teeth are translucent and amber in colour whereas the erupting secondary central incisors are of normal appearance.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Abnormal tooth enamel formation (AMELX, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20).

Dens Evaginatus

Dental anomaly mainly affecting premolars in people of Mongolian origin.

Hypodontia

Lack of development of one or more teeth.

Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

Maldevelopment of one or more ectodermal-derived tissues.

Microdontia

Small teeth.

References

  1. <pubmed>19576204</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>17394220</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>16651263</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| PMC2651620
  5. <pubmed>19021896</pubmed>


Journals

Reviews

<pubmed>17209531</pubmed> <pubmed>16753804</pubmed> <pubmed>12615136</pubmed> <pubmed>12640730</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>17394220</pubmed> <pubmed>16632755</pubmed> <pubmed>16651263</pubmed> <pubmed>9520113</pubmed>

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Tooth Development

Additional Images

Category:Integumentary

Terms

External Links


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Integumentary System - Tooth Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Tooth_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G