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lies on the surface, adjacent to the outpocketing of the nervous system (which will for the retina) and will form the lens.
lies on the surface, adjacent to the outpocketing of the nervous system (which will for the retina) and will form the lens.


:'''Links:''' [[Vision - Lens Development|Lens Development]]
===Nasal placode===
===Nasal placode===
has 2 components (medial and lateral) and will form the nose olefactory epithelium.
has 2 components (medial and lateral) and will form the nose olfactory epithelium.




:'''Links:''' [[Placodes]]
:'''Links:''' [[Sensory - Smell Development|Smell Development]] | [[Placodes]]


==Head Growth==  
==Head Growth==  
Line 385: Line 386:
===Reviews===
===Reviews===
<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed>26924989</pubmed>
<pubmed>20607135</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895339 PMC2895339] | [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/5/604 Integr Comp Biol.]
<pubmed>20607135</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895339 PMC2895339] | [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/5/604 Integr Comp Biol.]
<pubmed>20144910</pubmed>
<pubmed>20144910</pubmed>

Revision as of 17:07, 25 May 2016

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Fetal head (week 12)

The head and neck is not really a "system", but structurally quite different in origin from the body. The head and neck are one of the most complicated structures that the embryo forms, with special intermediate structures (the pharyngeal arches) and contributions from all 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), and significantly, a major contribution from the neural crest. Neural crest contributes jaw skeletal elements,, connective tissues and tendons. The associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. These components though will form different structures dependent upon which arch they are within. The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the pharynx.


The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the pituitary (hypophysis) and the floor the thyroid. The thyroid gland being one of the first endocrine organs to be formed has an important role in embryonic development. The pharynx floor of all arches also contribute to the formation of the tongue.


Because the head contains many different structures also review notes on: Skull Development, Sensory (placodes, eye, ear, nose, taste), Respiratory (pharynx), Integumentary (teeth, hair) and Endocrine Development (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus).


Head Links: Introduction | Medicine Lecture | Medicine Lab | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | Science Lab | pharyngeal arch | Craniofacial Seminar | mouth | palate | tongue | placode | skull | neural crest | Head and Face Movies | head abnormalities | Category:Head
Historic Head Embryology  
1910 Skull | 1910 Skull Images | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1921 Human Brain Vascular | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1919 21mm Embryo Skull | 1920 Human Embryo Head Size | 1921 43 mm Fetal Skull | Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

  • Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus[1] "The vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus, serving the dual functions of feeding and respiration, has its embryonic origin in a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches. Developmental studies have been able to discern how these structures are constructed and this has opened the way for an analysis of how the pharyngeal apparatus was assembled and modified during evolution. For many years, the role of the neural crest in organizing pharyngeal development was emphasized and, as this was believed to be a uniquely vertebrate cell type, it was suggested that the development of the pharyngeal apparatus of vertebrates was distinct from that of other chordates."
  • hand2 and Dlx genes specify dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains within zebrafish pharyngeal arches.[2] "The ventrally expressed secreted polypeptide endothelin1 (Edn1) patterns the skeleton derived from the first two pharyngeal arches into dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains. ...Collectively, our work indicates that the expression and function of hand2 and Dlx genes specify major patterning domains along the dorsoventral axis of zebrafish pharyngeal arches."
More recent papers
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More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Head Development

<pubmed limit=5>Head Development</pubmed>

Textbooks

Pharyngeal arch cartilages.jpg
  • The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter Chapter 10 The Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240.
  • Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the Ears pp349 - 418.
UNSW Students
Mark Hill icon.jpg You have access the following online Embryology textbooks through the UNSW Library.
The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection.

Objectives

  • List the main structures derived from the pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts.
  • Know the stages and structures involved in the development of the face.
  • Predict the results of abnormal development of the face and palate.
  • Briefly summarise the development of the tongue.

The Pharynx

Head arches cartoon.jpg Stage13 B2 excerpt.gif Pharynx cartoon.jpg

The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the pharynx.

The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the [endocrine7.htm pituitary] (hypophysis) and the floor the thyroid. The thyroid gland being one of the first endocrine organs to be formed has an important role in embryonic development. The pharynx floor of all arches also contribute to the formation of the [head6.htm tongue].

Pharyngeal Arch Components

Human embryo Stage 13 oral cavity floor
Human embryo pharyngeal arches (Stage 13 oral cavity floor)

Major features to identify for each: arch, pouch, groove and membrane. Contribute to the formation of head and neck and in the human appear at the 4th week. The first arch contributes the majority of upper and lower jaw structures.

Early Face and Pharynx

  • Pharynx - begins at the buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane), apposition of ectoderm with endoderm (no mesoderm between)


Pharyngeal Arch Development

Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gifStage13 pharyngeal arch excerpts.gif

  • branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
  • arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
  • ectoderm- outside
  • mesoderm- core of mesenchyme
  • endoderm- inside

Neural Crest

  • Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
  • cartilage, bone, ligaments
  • arises from midbrain and hindbrain region

Arch Features

Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component

Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands

  • Humans have 5 arches - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (Arch 5 does not form or regresses rapidly)
  • from in rostro-caudal sequence, Arch 1 to 6 from week 4 onwards
  • arch 1 and 2 appear at time of closure of cranial neuropore
  • Face - mainly arch 1 and 2
  • Neck components - arch 3 and 4 (arch 4 and 6 fuse)

Arch Features

    • arch
    • groove
      • externally separates each arch
        • also called a cleft
      • only first pair persist as external auditory meatus
    • pouch
      • internally separates each arch
      • pockets from the pharynx
    • membrane
      • ectoderm and endoderm contact regions
      • only first pair persist as tympanic membrane
  • Pharyngeal Arch 1 (Mandibular Arch) has 2 prominances
    • smaller upper- maxillary forms maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal
    • larger lower- mandibular, forms mandible
  • Pharyngeal Arch 2 (Hyoid Arch)
    • forms most of hyoid bone
  • Arch 3 and 4
    • neck structures

Arch Arteries

  • Arch 1 - mainly lost, form part of maxillary artery
  • Arch 2 - stapedial arteries
  • Arch 3 - common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries
  • Arch 4 - left forms part of aortic arch, right forms part right subclavian artery
  • Arch 6 - left forms part of left pulmonary artery , right forms part of right pulmonary artery


placental vein -> liver -> heart -> truncus arteriosus -> aortic sac -> arch arteries -> dorsal aorta -> placental artery

Congdon1922-34.jpg

Human embryo (5mm, lateral view) showing pulmonary arteries

Arch 5 Artery?
Mark Hill.jpg
There has been ongoing controversy as to whether the fifth arch artery, that forms in fish, ever develops in birds and mammals. A recent study in mouse and human embryos identified the presence of an extra vessel presence in a single Carnegie Stage 14 human embryo.[3]


Arch Cartilage

Meckel's cartilage, first pharyngeal arch
Pharyngeal arch cartilages
  • Arch 1 - Meckel's cartilage, horseshoe shaped
    • dorsal ends form malleus and incus
    • midpart forms ligaments (ant. malleus, sphenomandibular)
    • ventral part forms mandible template
  • Arch 2 - Reichert's cartilage
    • dorsal ends form stapes and Temporal bone styloid process
    • ventral part ossifies to form hyoid bone components
    • lesser cornu and superior body
  • Arch 3- forms greater cornu and inferior part of hyoid
  • Arch 4&6- form laryngeal cartilages, except epiglottis (from hypobranchial eminence)

Arch Muscle

  • Arch 1 - muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric
  • Arch 2 - muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric
  • Arch 3 - stylopharyngeus
  • Arch 4&6 - crycothyroid, pharynx constrictors, larynx muscles, oesophagus (st. muscle)

Arch Nerve

trigeminal
  • Arch 1 - CN V trigeminal, caudal 2/3 maxillary and mandibular, cranial 1/3 sensory nerve of head and neck, mastication motor
  • Arch 2 - CN VII facial
  • Arch 3 - CN IX glossopharyngeal
  • Arch 4&6 - CN X vagus, arch 4- superior laryngeal, arch 6- recurrent laryngeal

Arch Pouches

  • Arch 1 - elongates to form tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube
  • Arch 2 - forms tonsillar sinus, mostly oblierated by palatine tonsil
  • Arch 3 - forms inferior parathyroid and thymus
  • Arch 4 - forms superior parathyroid, parafollicular cells of Thyroid

Thyroid Gland

  • not a pouch structure
  • first endocrine organ to develop day 24
  • from floor of pharynx
  • descends thyroglossal duct (which closes)
  • upper end at foramen cecum

Anterior Pituitary

Pituitary
  • not a pouch structure
  • boundary epitheilal ectoderm in the roof of the pharynx
  • forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.
    • Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 — 1860).

Face Development

Stage16-18 face animation.gif

Begins week 4 centered around stomodeum, external depression at oral membrane

5 initial primordia from neural crest mesenchyme

  • single frontonasal prominence (FNP) - forms forehead, nose dorsum and apex
  • nasal placodes develop later bilateral, pushed medially
  • paired maxillary prominences - form upper cheek and upper lip
  • paired mandibular prominences - lower cheek, chin and lower lip

Frontonasal Process

Frontonasal prominence (Week 7, 44 - 48 days, CRL 13 - 17 mm)

The frontonasal process (FNP) forms the majority of the superior part of the early face primordia. It later fuses with the maxillary component of the first pharyngeal arch to form the upper jaw. Failure of this fusion event during the embryonic period leads to cleft lip. Under the surface ectoderm the process mesenchyme consists of two cell populations; neural crest cells, forming the connective tissues; and the mesoderm forming the endothelium of the vascular network.

A chicken developmental model study has identified a specific surface region, the Frontonasal Ectodermal Zone (FEZ), initially induced by bone morphogenetic proteins that appears to regulate the future growth and patterning of the frontonasal process. The specific frontonasal ectodermal zone was located in the frontonasal process ectoderm flanking a boundary between Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) expression domains.[4]

Head/Skull

  • chondrocranium forms base of skull
  • in lower vertebrates encases brain
  • cranial vault
  • calveria
  • facial skeleton
  • pharyngeal arches
Adult Skull MRI Links: Skull Development - MRI
Adult Skull Movie 1 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Viscerocranium
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 2 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Temporal Bones
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 3 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Occipital - Frontal
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 4 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Parietal-Zygomatic
Page | Play

Sensory Placodes

Sensory placodes (week 5)
  • During week 4 a series of thickened surface ectodermal patches form in pairs rostro-caudally in the head region.
  • Recent research suggests that all sensory placodes may arise from common panplacodal primordium origin around the neural plate, and then differentiate to eventually have different developmental fates.
  • These sensory placodes will later contribute key components of each of our special senses (vision, hearing and smell). Other species have a number of additional placodes which form other sensory structures (fish, lateral line receptor). Note that their initial postion on the developing head is significantly different to their final position in the future sensory system

Otic placode

in the stage 13/14 embryo (shown below) the otic placode has sunk from the surface ectoderm to form a hollow epithelial ball, the otocyst, which now lies beneath the surface surrounded by mesenchyme (mesoderm). The epithelia of this ball varies in thickness and has begun to distort, it will eventually form the inner ear membranous labyrinth.

Lens placode

lies on the surface, adjacent to the outpocketing of the nervous system (which will for the retina) and will form the lens.

Links: Lens Development

Nasal placode

has 2 components (medial and lateral) and will form the nose olfactory epithelium.


Links: Smell Development | Placodes

Head Growth

Developing skull Computed Tomography (CT) image showing normal sutures.
  • continues postnatally - fontanelle allow head distortion on birth and early growth
  • bone plates remain unfused to allow growth, puberty growth of face

Fetal head growth circumference graph01.jpg

Fetal head growth (circumference)


Skull Overview

Chondrocranium - formed from paraxial mesoderm

  • cranial end of vertebral column
  • modified vertebral elements
  • occipital and cervical sclerotome
  • bone preformed in cartilage (endochondrial ossification)

Cranial Vault and Facial Skeleton - formed from neural crest

  • muscle is paraxial mesoderm
  • somitomeres and occipital somites

Calveria - bone has no cartilage (direct ossification of mesenchyme)

  • bones do not fuse, fibrous sutures 1. allow distortion to pass through birth canal 2. allow growth of the brain
  • 6 fontanelles, posterior closes at 3 months, anterior closes at 18 months


Links: Skull Development

Palate

The palate has two key stages of development during embryonic and an early fetal involving the fusion of structures (epithelia to mesenchymal).

Embryonic

Primary palate, fusion in the human embryo between stage 17 and 18, from an epithelial seam to the mesenchymal bridge. Stage17-18 Primary palate.gif

Fetal

Secondary palate, fusion in the human embryo in week 9. This requires the early palatal shelves growth, elevation and fusion during the early embryonic period. The fusion event is to both each other and the primary palate. palatal shelf elevation | secondary palate


Links: Palate Development

Ear Auricles

  • form from 6 hillocks (week 5)
  • 3 on each of arch 1 and 2

Tongue Development

Tongue1.png Tongue2.png] Tongue3.png]

  • Ectoderm of the first arch surrounding the stomodeum forms the epithelium lining the buccal cavity.
  • Also the salivary glands, enamel of the teeth, epithelium of the body of the tongue.
    • As the tongue develops "inside" the floor of the oral cavity, it is not readily visible in the external views of the embryonic (Carnegie) stages of development.
  • Contributions from all arches, which changes with time
  • begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, median tongue bud
    • Arch 1 - oral part of tongue (ant 3/2)
    • Arch 2 - initial contribution to surface is lost
    • Arch 3 - pharyngeal part of tongue (post 1/3)
    • Arch 4 - epiglottis and adjacent regions

Tongue muscle

tongue muscle
  • Tongue muscles originate from the somites.
    • Tongue muscles develop before masticatory muscles and is completed by birth.
  • Masticatory muscles originate from the somitomeres.
    • These muscles develop late and are not complete even at birth.


Salivary Glands

  • epithelial buds in oral cavity (week 6 to 7) extend into mesenchyme
  • parotid, submandibular, sublingual


Links: Salivary Gland Development | Tongue Development | Development Animation - Tongue

Pharyngeal Arch Tables

Pharyngeal Arch Nerve Artery Neural Crest
(Skeletal Structures)
Muscles Ligaments
1
(maxillary/mandibular)
trigeminal (CN V) maxillary artery (terminal branches) mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament
2
(hyoid)
facial (CN VII) stapedial (embryonic)

corticotympanic (adult)

stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric stylohyoid ligament
3 glossopharyngeal (CN IX) common carotid, internal carotid arteries greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone stylopharyngeus
4 vagus (CN X) superior laryngeal branch part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini)
6 vagus (CN X) recurrent laryngeal branch part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle)

Structures derived from Pouches

Each pouch is lined with endoderm and generates specific structures.


Pouch
Overall Structure Specific Structures
1
tubotympanic recess tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube
2
intratonsillar cleft crypts of palatine tonsil, lymphatic nodules of palatine tonsil
3
inferior parathyroid gland, thymus gland
4
superior parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial body
5
becomes part of 4th pouch

Structures derived from Grooves

Only the first groove differentiates into an adult structure and forms part of the external acoustic meatus.

Structures derived from Membranes

At the bottom of each groove lies the membrane which is formed from the contact region of ectodermal groove and endodermal pouch. Only the first membrane differentiates into an adult structure and forms the tympanic membrane.

Movies

There are a number of movies representing development of different features of the head and face.

Face 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Face Development
Page | Play
Palate 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Palate (oral view)
Page | Play
Palate 002 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Palate (front view)
Page | Play
Tongue 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Tongue
Page | Play
Postnatal human mandible growth icon.jpg
 ‎‎Mandible Growth
Page | Play


Links: Head and Face Movies | Movies

References

  1. <pubmed>23020903</pubmed>| Evodevo.
  2. <pubmed>20573696</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>22623372</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>18028903</pubmed>


Reviews

<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>26924989</pubmed> <pubmed>20607135</pubmed>| PMC2895339 | Integr Comp Biol. <pubmed>20144910</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>25748249</pubmed> <pubmed>25201771</pubmed> <pubmed>24130849</pubmed>

Search PubMed

Search term: Head Development | Pharyngeal Arch Development | | Face Development


Additional Images

Historic

Development or the Face

Development of the Pharynx and Neck


External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.



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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Head Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Head_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G