Genital Abnormality - Hypospadias: Difference between revisions
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:''Any condition of the urethra affecting males, caused by determinants arising during the antenatal period. These conditions are characterized by a malformation of the urethra and an abnormally placed urinary meatus. This condition may also present with an incomplete foreskin that forms a hood.'' | :''Any condition of the urethra affecting males, caused by determinants arising during the antenatal period. These conditions are characterized by a malformation of the urethra and an abnormally placed urinary meatus. This condition may also present with an incomplete foreskin that forms a hood.'' | ||
{{ICD11weblink}}162402214 Hypospadias, coronal] - | {{ICD11weblink}}162402214 Hypospadias, coronal] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the ventral portion of the coronal sulcus | {{ICD11weblink}}1390753 Hypospadias, glandular] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens at the site of the frenulum | {{ICD11weblink}}1120553459 Hypospadias, penile] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens along the shaft of the penis | {{ICD11weblink}}912726286 Hypospadias, penoscrotal] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens where the shaft of the penis meets the scrotum | {{ICD11weblink}}435644926 Hypospadias, scrotal] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens on the scrotum | {{ICD11weblink}}1395446936 Hypospadias, perineal] - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the perineum | ||
{{ICD11weblink}}1390753 Hypospadias, glandular] - | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}1120553459 Hypospadias, penile] - | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}912726286 Hypospadias, penoscrotal] - | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}435644926 Hypospadias, scrotal] - | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}1395446936 Hypospadias, perineal] - | |||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== |
Revision as of 13:34, 25 March 2019
Embryology - 23 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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ICD-11 |
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Hypospadias
Hypospadias, coronal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the ventral portion of the coronal sulcus | Hypospadias, glandular - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens at the site of the frenulum | Hypospadias, penile - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens along the shaft of the penis | Hypospadias, penoscrotal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens where the shaft of the penis meets the scrotum | Hypospadias, scrotal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens on the scrotum | Hypospadias, perineal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the perineum |
Introduction
Hypospadias are the most common penis abnormality (1 in 300) and result from a failure of male urogenital folds to fuse in various regions, the normal process is described as virilization of the external genitalia. This in turn leads to resulting in a proximally displaced urethral meatus or opening.
The cause is unknown, but suggested to involve many factors either individually or in combination including: familial inheritance, low birth weight, assisted reproductive technology, advanced maternal age, paternal subfertility and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.[1] Genetically, monogenic and chromosomal abnormalities are present in approximately 30% of hypospadias cases.[2]
Infants with hypospadias should not undergo circumcision.
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Hypospadias |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Hypospadias Classification
The condition is classified by the general location of the relocated opening (meatus) and lack of fusion.
Classification | ICD-11 | Meatus Opening | Image | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anterior | glandular | urinary meatus that opens at the site of the frenulum | A | |
Coronal | coronal | urinary meatus opens in the ventral portion of the coronal sulcus | B | |
Distal | penile | urinary meatus that opens along the shaft of the penis | C | |
Penoscrotal | penoscrotal | urinary meatus opens where the shaft of the penis meets the scrotum | D | |
Scrotal | scrotal | urinary meatus that opens on the scrotum | E | |
Perineal | perineal | urinary meatus that opens in the perineum | F | |
Table reference[1] Links: hypospadias | 'ICD-11 Hypospadias |
Ultrasound
Penoscrotal Hypospadias 3D Ultrasound[8]
Ultrasonography in rendering mode, at GA 33 weeks, with short penis and with evidence of testicles inside a bifid scrotum.
- Links: Ultrasound
Surgical Repair
Depending on the class of hypospadias there are a number of different surgical repair techniques including: orthoplasty or penile straightening, urethroplasty, meatoplasty and glanuloplasty, scrotoplasty (oscheoplasty) and skin coverage.
Maternal Factors
Data from a case-control study in Sweden and Denmark (2000 - 2005) identified a number of maternal factors that may be associated with hypospadias.[9]
- Maternal diet during pregnancy lacking both fish and meat - more than 4-fold increased risk
- Maternal obesity - more than 2-fold increased risk
- Maternal hypertension - 2.0-fold increased risk
- Maternal absence of nausea - 1.8-fold increased risk
- Maternal nausea in late pregnancy - also appeared to be positively associated with increased risk
Molecular Factors
- chromosomal abnormalities
- HOX, FGF, Shh - genes of penile development
- WT1, SRY - testicular determination
- luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor
- 5alpha reductase, androgen receptor - action of androgen
- CXorf6
- ATF3
Links: OMIM - CXorf6
Related Genetic Conditions
- X-linked isolated hypospadias-1 HYSP1 OMIM 300633
- X-linked isolated hypospadias-2 HYSP2 OMIM 300758
- X-linked isolated hypospadias-3 HYSP3 OMIM 146450
- Johanson-Blizzard syndrome[10] - hypospadias, failure to thrive, exocrine pancreatic deficiency, short stature and developmental delay, cutis aplasia on the scalp, aplasia of alae nasi, hypothyroidism, myxomatous mitral valve, and patent ductus arteriosus.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Baskin LS, Himes K & Colborn T. (2001). Hypospadias and endocrine disruption: is there a connection?. Environ. Health Perspect. , 109, 1175-83. PMID: 11713004
- ↑ Joodi M, Amerizadeh F, Hassanian SM, Erfani M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M & Avan A. (2019). The genetic factors contributing to hypospadias and their clinical utility in its diagnosis. J. Cell. Physiol. , 234, 5519-5523. PMID: 30238986 DOI.
- ↑ Miyado M, Muroya K, Katsumi M, Saito K, Kon M & Fukami M. (2018). Somatically Acquired Isodicentric Y and Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in a Boy with Hypospadias. Cytogenet. Genome Res. , , . PMID: 29627832 DOI.
- ↑ George M, Schneuer FJ, Jamieson SE & Holland AJ. (2015). Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of hypospadias. Pediatr. Surg. Int. , 31, 519-27. PMID: 25742936 DOI.
- ↑ Fujimoto T, Suwa T, Kabe K, Adachi T, Nakabayashi M & Amamiya T. (2008). Placental insufficiency in early gestation is associated with hypospadias. J. Pediatr. Surg. , 43, 358-61. PMID: 18280290 DOI.
- ↑ Kutlay R, Isik D, Ercel C, Anlatici R & Isik Y. (2010). A new technique for correction of distal penile hypospadias. Ann Plast Surg , 65, 66-9. PMID: 20548222 DOI.
- ↑ Seibold J, Werther M, Alloussi S, Gakis G, Schilling D, Colleselli D, Stenzl A & Schwentner C. (2010). Objective long-term evaluation after distal hypospadias repair using the meatal mobilization technique. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. , 44, 298-303. PMID: 20450394 DOI.
- ↑ Rios LT, Araujo Júnior E, Nardozza LM, Rolo LC, Hatanaka AR, Moron AF & Martins Mda G. (2012). Prenatal diagnosis of penoscrotal hypospadia in third trimester by two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography: a case report. Case Rep Urol , 2012, 142814. PMID: 23304621 DOI.
- ↑ Akre O, Boyd HA, Ahlgren M, Wilbrand K, Westergaard T, Hjalgrim H, Nordenskjöld A, Ekbom A & Melbye M. (2008). Maternal and gestational risk factors for hypospadias. Environ. Health Perspect. , 116, 1071-6. PMID: 18709149 DOI.
- ↑ Fallahi GH, Sabbaghian M, Khalili M, Parvaneh N, Zenker M & Rezaei N. (2011). Novel UBR1 gene mutation in a patient with typical phenotype of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. Eur. J. Pediatr. , 170, 233-5. PMID: 20556423 DOI.
Reviews
Joodi M, Amerizadeh F, Hassanian SM, Erfani M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M & Avan A. (2019). The genetic factors contributing to hypospadias and their clinical utility in its diagnosis. J. Cell. Physiol. , 234, 5519-5523. PMID: 30238986 DOI.
Cunha GR, Sinclair A, Risbridger G, Hutson J & Baskin LS. (2015). Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models. Nat Rev Urol , 12, 271-80. PMID: 25850792 DOI.
Carmichael SL, Shaw GM & Lammer EJ. (2012). Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. , 94, 499-510. PMID: 22678668 DOI.
van der Zanden LF, van Rooij IA, Feitz WF, Franke B, Knoers NV & Roeleveld N. (2012). Aetiology of hypospadias: a systematic review of genes and environment. Hum. Reprod. Update , 18, 260-83. PMID: 22371315 DOI.
Articles
McNamara ER, Schaeffer AJ, Logvinenko T, Seager C, Rosoklija I, Nelson CP, Retik AB, Diamond DA & Cendron M. (2015). Management of Proximal Hypospadias with 2-Stage Repair: 20-Year Experience. J. Urol. , 194, 1080-5. PMID: 25963188 DOI.
Search Pubmed
June 2010 "Hypospadia" All (4698) Review (377) Free Full Text (413)
Search Pubmed: Hypospadias | Hypospadias Surgical Repair
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 23) Embryology Genital Abnormality - Hypospadias. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Genital_Abnormality_-_Hypospadias
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G