Genital - Male Development: Difference between revisions
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* '''Tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in development of the external genitalia'''<ref name=PMID26081573><pubmed>26081573</pubmed></ref>Congenital anomalies frequently occur in organs that undergo tubulogenesis. Hypospadias is a urethral tube defect defined by mislocalized, oversized, or multiple openings of the penile urethra. Deletion of Fgfr2 or its ligand Fgf10 results in severe hypospadias in mice, in which the entire urethral plate is open along the ventral side of the penis. In the genital tubercle, the embryonic precursor of the penis and clitoris, Fgfr2 is expressed in two epithelial populations: the endodermally derived urethral epithelium and the ectodermally derived surface epithelium. Here, we investigate the tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in external genital development by generating conditional deletions of Fgfr2 in each of these cell types. These results demonstrate that urethral tubulogenesis, prepuce morphogenesis, and sexually dimorphic patterning of the lower urethra are controlled by discrete regions of Fgfr2 activity." [[Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor|Fibroblast Growth Factor]] | |||
* '''Penile biometry on prenatal MR imaging''' <ref><pubmed>21484906</pubmed></ref>"Mean length values, including 95% confidence intervals and percentiles, were defined. Penile length as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: outer mean length= -5.514 + 0.622 *, and total mean length= -8.865 + 1.312 * (*= gestational weeks). The correlation coefficients were statistically significant (p < .001). The comparison between outer length on MRI and US data showed no significant differences, whereas total length on MRI and US data demonstrated significant differences (p< .001)." | * '''Penile biometry on prenatal MR imaging''' <ref><pubmed>21484906</pubmed></ref>"Mean length values, including 95% confidence intervals and percentiles, were defined. Penile length as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: outer mean length= -5.514 + 0.622 *, and total mean length= -8.865 + 1.312 * (*= gestational weeks). The correlation coefficients were statistically significant (p < .001). The comparison between outer length on MRI and US data showed no significant differences, whereas total length on MRI and US data demonstrated significant differences (p< .001)." | ||
* '''Male reproductive tract abnormalities: More common after assisted reproduction?'''<ref><pubmed>20674196</pubmed></ref> "IVF and ICSI, by increasing the risks of prematurity, low birthweight, and multiple gestation, are indirect risk factors for developing male genital malformations. In infants with normal birhtweight or from singleton pregnancies, ICSI is a specific risk factor for hypospadias." | * '''Male reproductive tract abnormalities: More common after assisted reproduction?'''<ref><pubmed>20674196</pubmed></ref> "IVF and ICSI, by increasing the risks of prematurity, low birthweight, and multiple gestation, are indirect risk factors for developing male genital malformations. In infants with normal birhtweight or from singleton pregnancies, ICSI is a specific risk factor for hypospadias." |
Revision as of 11:32, 25 September 2015
Embryology - 24 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The male and female reproductive systems develop initially "indifferently", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the "difference". The mesonephric duct (Wolffian Duct) contributes the majority of male internal genital tract.
Embryonic gonad development leads to the mesonephric/paramesonephric duct changes, while the external genitaila remain indeterminate in appearance through to the fetal period.
Importantly its sex chromosome dependence, late embryonic/fetal differential development, complex morphogenic changes, long time-course, hormonal sensitivity and hormonal influences make it a system prone to many different abnormalities.
There are also separate pages describing: Spermatozoa Development | Testis Development | Prostate Development | Y Chromosome
Some Recent Findings
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Textbooks
- Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Chapter 10 p261-306
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346
- Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 14 p289-326
- Essentials of Human Embryology, Larson Chapter 10 p173-205
- Human Embryology, Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Chapter 21-22 p134-152
- Developmental Biology (6th ed.) Gilbert Chapter 14 Intermediate Mesoderm
Movies
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Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Migration | |||||||||||
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Development Overview
Three main stages during development, mesonephric/paramesonephric duct changes are one of the first male/female differences that occur in development, while external genitaila remain indeterminate in appearance for quite a while.
- Differentiation of gonad (Sex determination)
- Differentiation of internal genital organs
- Differentiation of external genital organs
The 2nd and 3rd stages dependent on endocrine gonad. Reproductive development has a long maturation timecourse, begining in the embryo and finishing in puberty. (More? Puberty Development)
Historic Images of Genital Changes
Urogenital indifferent | Urogenital male | Urogenital female |
Gonad - Testis
- Links: Testis Development
Internal Genital
Ductus deferens, prostate and accessory glands.
Adult Ductus deferens | ||
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Adult Prostate | ||
Human prostate histology | Corpora Amylacea | Submucosal gland |
(adult, low power overview) | (adult, detail) | (adult, high power detail) |
External Genital
- external genitalia are initially identical and undergo male and female differentiation under the influence or absence of steroidal sex hormones.
- Indifferent stage ‐ cloaca divided by proliferating mesenchyme forming the urorectal septum which separates the ventral urogenital sinus from the dorsal rectum.
- Difference stage ‐ locally in this region the presence or absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), generated from testosterone, determines male/female development.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Male presence of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstanolone, 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one).
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Histology
Androgen and Digit ratio (2D:4D)
The ratio of 2nd and 4th finger (D, digit) length. This ratio has been suggested to relate to high fetal testosterone concentration (males have lower 2D:4D than females) and has been shown for several species.[6] Although a study in mice has not shown the same correlation.[7] There have been some suggestions that the ratio may also be an indicator of various neurological abnormalities.
To measure (2D:4D) - using your right hand palm up, measure the index finger (2) and ring finger (4) length from palm to tip. Dividing the index finger by the ring finger gives the 2D:4D ratio, average women ratio is 1, average men is 0.98.
Additional Images
References
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>24866114</pubmed> <pubmed>21397195</pubmed> <pubmed>20541146</pubmed> <pubmed>19845801</pubmed> <pubmed>17237341</pubmed> <pubmed>16522522</pubmed> <pubmed>12428197</pubmed> <pubmed>10715534</pubmed> <pubmed>10664515</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>21900680</pubmed> <pubmed>21791949</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Male Genital System Development | mesonephric duct
Terms
- mesonephric duct - (Wollfian duct) An early developing urogenital paired duct system that initially runs the length of the embryo, that will differentiate and form the male reproductive duct system (ductus deferens). In females, this duct degenerates occasionally some remnants may remain associated in broad ligament.
- Wolffian duct - (mesonephric duct, preferred terminology), A developmental duct that runs from the mesonephros to cloaca. The duct in male differentiates to form the ductus deferens and in female the same structure regresses. Historically named after Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794), a German scientist and early embryology researcher and is said to have established the doctrine of germ layers. (More? Caspar Friedrich Wolff)
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Genital - Male Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Genital_-_Male_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G