Gastrointestinal Tract - Liver Development: Difference between revisions

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::[[Embryology_History|'''Historic Embryology''']]:[[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-7|1912 Liver]]
== Some Recent Findings ==
== Some Recent Findings ==
[[File:Stage 22 image 084.jpg|thumb|Human Liver (week 8, GA week 10)]]
[[File:Stage 22 image 084.jpg|thumb|Human Liver (week 8, GA week 10)]]

Revision as of 23:05, 18 February 2014

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Embryonic hepatic bud formation.

This section of notes gives an overview of how the liver develops. The transverse septum (septum transversum) arises at an embryonic junctional site. The junctional region externally is where the ectoderm of the amnion meets the endoderm of the yolk sac. The junctional region internally is where the foregut meets the midgut. The mesenchymal structure of the transverse septum provides a support within which both blood vessels and the liver begin to form. Arises at embryonic junction (septum transversum): externally is where ectoderm of amnion meets endoderm of yolk sac and internally is where the foregut meets the midgut. Mesenchymal structure of transverse septum provides a support within which both blood vessels and liver begin to form in the underlying splanchnic mesoderm.

In the early embryo, the liver and heart grow rapidly forming obvious external swellings on the ventral embryo surface. The liver's initial embryonic function is mainly cardiovascular. Firstly, as a vascular connection between the developing placental vessels to the heart. Secondly, as a haemopoietic tissue where blood stem cells reside before bone marrow development.


See also Liver Histology showing both developmental and adult histology.


GIT Links: Introduction | Medicine Lecture | Science Lecture | endoderm | mouth | oesophagus | stomach | liver | gallbladder | Pancreas | intestine | mesentery | tongue | taste | enteric nervous system | Stage 13 | Stage 22 | gastrointestinal abnormalities | Movies | Postnatal | milk | tooth | salivary gland | BGD Lecture | BGD Practical | GIT Terms | Category:Gastrointestinal Tract
GIT Histology Links: Upper GIT | Salivary Gland | Smooth Muscle Histology | Liver | Gallbladder | Pancreas | Colon | Histology Stains | Histology | GIT Development
Historic Embryology - Gastrointestinal Tract  
1878 Alimentary Canal | 1882 The Organs of the Inner Germ-Layer The Alimentary Tube with its Appended Organs | 1884 Great omentum and transverse mesocolon | 1902 Meckel's diverticulum | 1902 The Organs of Digestion | 1903 Submaxillary Gland | 1906 Liver | 1907 Development of the Digestive System | 1907 Atlas | 1907 23 Somite Embryo | 1908 Liver | 1908 Liver and Vascular | 1910 Mucous membrane Oesophagus to Small Intestine | 1910 Large intestine and Vermiform process | 1911-13 Intestine and Peritoneum - Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 5 | Part 6 | 1912 Digestive Tract | 1912 Stomach | 1914 Digestive Tract | 1914 Intestines | 1914 Rectum | 1915 Pharynx | 1915 Intestinal Rotation | 1917 Entodermal Canal | 1918 Anatomy | 1921 Alimentary Tube | 1932 Gall Bladder | 1939 Alimentary Canal Looping | 1940 Duodenum anomalies | 2008 Liver | 2016 GIT Notes | Historic Disclaimer
Human Embryo: 1908 13-14 Somite Embryo | 1921 Liver Suspensory Ligament | 1926 22 Somite Embryo | 1907 23 Somite Embryo | 1937 25 Somite Embryo | 1914 27 Somite Embryo | 1914 Week 7 Embryo
Animal Development: 1913 Chicken | 1951 Frog
Historic Embryology:1912 Liver

Some Recent Findings

Human Liver (week 8, GA week 10)
  • Three-dimensional reconstructions of intrahepatic bile duct tubulogenesis in human liver[1] "Samples from human prenatal livers ranging from 7 weeks + 2 days to 15½ weeks post conception as well as adult normal and acetaminophen intoxicated liver were used. ....In the developing human liver, three-dimensional reconstructions using multiple marker proteins confirmed that the human intrahepatic biliary tree forms through several developmental stages involving an initial transition of primitive hepatocytes into cholangiocytes shaping the ductal plate followed by a process of maturation and remodeling where the intrahepatic biliary tree develops through an asymmetrical form of cholangiocyte tubulogenesis.
  • Dynamic signaling network for the specification of embryonic pancreas and liver progenitors [2] Studies of the formation of pancreas and liver progenitors have focused on individual inductive signals and cellular responses. Here, we investigated how bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta), and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways converge on the earliest genes that elicit pancreas and liver induction in mouse embryos. The inductive network was found to be dynamic; it changed within hours. Different signals functioned in parallel to induce different early genes, and two permutations of signals induced liver progenitor domains, which revealed flexibility in cell programming. Also, the specification of pancreas and liver progenitors was restricted by the TGFbeta pathway."
  • Notch signaling controls liver development by regulating biliary differentiation[3]In the mammalian liver, bile is transported to the intestine through an intricate network of bile ducts. Notch signaling is required for normal duct formation, but its mode of action has been unclear. Here, we show in mice that bile ducts arise through a novel mechanism of tubulogenesis involving sequential radial differentiation. Notch signaling is activated in a subset of liver progenitor cells fated to become ductal cells, and pathway activation is necessary for biliary fate."

Liver Development Stages

Human Liver Growth (weight grams)[4]
Carnegie Stage
Feature
11
hepatic diverticulum development
12
cell differentiation

septum transversum forming liver stroma

hepatic diverticulum forming hepatic trabeculae

13
epithelial cord proliferation enmeshing stromal capillaries
14
hepatic gland and its vascular channels enlarge

hematopoietic function appeared

18
obturation due to epithelial proliferation

bile ducts became reorganized (continuity between liver cells and gut)

18 to 23
biliary ductules developed in periportal connective tissue

produces ductal plates that receive biliary capillaries

(More? Timeline human development)

Human data from Godlewski G, etal,[5] see also liver development in the rat during the embryonic period (Carnegie stages 15-23).[6]

Liver Buds

  • Differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and hepatic primordium, generates the gall bladder then divides into right and left hepatic (liver) buds.
  • Three connecting stalks (cystic duct, hepatic ducts) which fuse to form bile duct.

Left Hepatic Bud

  • left lobe, quadrate, caudate (both q and c anatomically Left)
  • caudate lobe of human liver consists of 3 anatomical parts: Spiegel's lobe, caudate process, and paracaval portion.

Right Hepatic Bud

  • right lobe

Liver Structural Origins

The Liver Lobule
  • Hepatic Buds - form hepatocytes, produce bile from week 13 (forms meconium of newborn)
  • Vitelline Veins - form sinusoids
  • Mesenchyme - form connective tissue and Kupffer cells

Function - Haemopoiesis

Embryonic liver also involved in blood formation, after the yolk sac and blood islands acting as a primary site.

Components of Liver Formation

Mouse liver development signaling.[7]

Primitive Endoderm

  • foregut diverticulum
  • foregut-midgut junction
    • septum transversum
      • hepatic diverticulum
        • cystic primordium
          • gall bladder
            • common bile duct
              • hepatic ducts
                • liver/gall bladder
      • hepatic primordium
        • hepatic parenchyma
          • hepatic sinusoids
            • lobes of liver
              • liver/gall bladder
  • midgut region
  • hindgut diverticulum (pocket)

Data from mouse [8]


Hepatoblasts - endoderm-derived cells can differentiate into either:

  1. hepatocytes - populate the bulk of the liver parenchyma.
  2. cholangiocytes - line the intrahepatic bile ducts.


Links: Endoderm | Mouse Development

Week 4-5

stage 13 embryo

The images below link to larger cross-sections of the mid-embryonic period (end week 4) stage 13 embryo starting just above the level of the liver and then in sequence through the liver to the level of the stomach. Note the relative position of the liver with respect to the abdominal cavity, the gall bladder and the heart.

The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature liver and gall bladder. At this stage large vascular channels can be seen coursing through the liver primordium.

Stage 13 (serial labeled images)
Stage 13 image 073.jpg Stage 13 image 074.jpg Stage 13 image 075.jpg Stage 13 image 076.jpg Stage 13 image 077.jpg Stage 13 image 078.jpg
D3L D4L D5L D6L D7L E1L
Stage 13 image 097.jpg Stage 13 image 098.jpg
G6L G7L
Links: Carnegie stage 13 - serial sections | Embryo Serial Sections | Flash movies | Quicktime movies

Week 8

The images below link to larger cross-sections of the end of the embryonic period (week 8) stage 22 embryo starting just above the level of the liver and then in sequence through the entire liver. (Note the sections are viewed from below, LR axis is reversed)

The rapidly developing liver also forms a visible surface bulge on the embryo directly under the heart bulge. The liver now occupies the entire ventral body cavity with parts of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system "embedded" within its structure. Note in this image the large central ductus venosus.

Stage 22L serial labeled images
Stage 22 image 080.jpg Stage 22 image 081.jpg Stage 22 image 082.jpg Stage 22 image 083.jpg Stage 22 image 084.jpg
E3L E4L E5L E6L E7L
Stage 22 image 085.jpg Stage 22 image 086.jpg Stage 22 image 087.jpg Stage 22 image 088.jpg Stage 22 image 089.jpg
F1L F2L F3L F4L F5L
Links: Carnegie stage 22 - serial sections | Embryo Serial Sections | Flash movies | Quicktime movies

Selected Stage 22 Images

Stage 22 image 131.jpg E3 Overview of liver region for selected high power views shown below. Note the position and size of the developing liver spanning the entire abdomen and within the liver the large central ductus venosus.
Stage 22 image 181.jpg E4 Central veins of liver. Radiating appearance of hepatic sinusoids. unlabeled version
Stage 22 image 182.jpg E5 Central vein with endothelial lining, containing nucleated erythrocytes, fetal red blood cells. The fetal liver has an important haemopoietic role. unlabeled version

Liver Movies

Lesser sac 01 icon.jpg Greater omentum 001 icon.jpg
Lesser Sac Greater Omentum
Quicktime version Quicktime version

Ductal Plate

The ductal plate is a primitive biliary epithelium which develops in mesenchyme adjacent to portal vein branches (periportal hepatoblasts). During liver development it is extensively reorganised (ductal plate remodelling) within the developing liver to form the intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD). If remodelling does not occur, leading to excess of embryonic bile duct structures in the portal tract, these developmental abnormalities are described as "ductal plate malformation" (DPM).

Ductal Plate Malformations

  • Interlobular bile ducts - autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • Smaller interlobular ducts - von Meyenburg complexes
  • Larger intrahepatic bile ducts - Caroli's disease

Bile Secretion

The epithelial cells that line the bile ducts are called cholangiocytes.

The pathway below describes the production and passage of bile for final excretion into the duodenum:

  1. hepatocytes produce bile
  2. secreted into bile canaliculi
  3. connected to intrahepatic bile ducts
  4. intrahepatic bile ducts connect to the hepatic duct
  5. then the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder
  6. then the common bile duct into the duodenum

The term extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs) is used to describe the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts.

The developing bile ducts express VEGF while hepatoblasts express angiopoietin-1, these two signals are thought to regulate arterial vasculogenesis and remodeling of the hepatic artery respectively.[9]

Liver Blood Flow

Liver structure cartoon.jpg

Dual blood supply of the liver merges upon entry into the liver lobule at the portal field.

  1. branches of the portal vein
  2. branches of the hepatic artery

The blood flows along the sinusoid and exits at the central vein.

Hepatocytes

Adult Liver sinusoid structure

These are the adult functional cells forming the majority of the liver (80% of the cells).

Many different functions including:

  • Storage of substances including glucose (as glycogen), vitamin A (possibly in specialized adipocytes), vitamin B12, folic acid and iron.
  • Lipid Turnover synthesis of plasmalipoproteins
  • Plasma Protein Synthesis albumin, alpha and beta globulins, prothrombin, fibrinogen
  • Metabolism fat soluble compounds (drugs, insecticides), steroid hormones turnover
  • Secretion bile (about 1 litre/day)

Kupffer Cells

Kupffer Cells are a population of tissue macrophages found in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids, their role is endocytic against blood-borne materials entering the liver.

Primordial (primitive) macrophages arise in the yolk sac and then differentiate into fetal macrophages, either of these enter the blood and migrate into the developing liver.[10]


Kupffer Cells image


Search PubMed: Kupffer cell development

Liver Associated Vessels

Gray0475.jpg

Liver ventral surface and associated veins (human embryo, 24-25 days, after His.)

  • ductus venosus - shunts approximately half the umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava.
  • portal vein - carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
  • left umbilical vein - carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo/fetus.
  • right umbilical vein - vessel degenerates leaving a single (left) umbilical vein.
  • vena revehens - veins from the sinusoid vessels in the liver to the inferior vena cava, that later develop into the hepatic veins.

Adult Liver Transplants

Histology

Liver animated cartoon.gif

The Liver Lobule

Adult liver Portal Triad

Liver histology 005.jpg


Links: Liver Histology

Abnormalities

Congenital absence of the portal vein (CAPV) - a rare abnormality where the intestinal and splenic venous drainage bypass the liver and drain directly into the systemic veins through various porto-systemic shunts.

Links: Gastrointestinal Tract - Abnormalities

References

  1. <pubmed>21943389</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>19556507</pubmed>| PMC2771431 | Science
  3. <pubmed>19556507</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>16891202</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>9407542</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>9718390</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed>21829697</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  8. Kaufman and Bard, The Anatomical Basis of Mouse Development 1999 Academic Press
  9. <pubmed>12360416</pubmed>
  10. <pubmed>15057601</pubmed>
  11. <pubmed>20169088</pubmed>| PMC2821762


Reviews

<pubmed>21199531</pubmed> <pubmed>20551648</pubmed> <pubmed>20169172</pubmed> <pubmed>20159590</pubmed> <pubmed>20086072</pubmed> <pubmed>18484608</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>22371217</pubmed> <pubmed>22105167</pubmed> <pubmed>21708104</pubmed>

Search Pubmed

Search Bookshelf Liver Development

Search Pubmed Now: Liver Development | Embryonic Liver Development


Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Gastrointestinal Tract - Liver Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Liver_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G