Foundations Practical - Neonatal: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:41, 8 April 2018

Newborn Infant

Newborn

Some essential systems come online, others continue to develop.

The neonatal period is about the transition from an interuterine placenta and maternally supported life to life to relatively independent life in the external environment.

In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. Remember that substantial postnatal development still has to occur in many systems. Identify these systems and the associated changes that occur.

Birth

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The median duration of gestation for first births from assumed ovulation to delivery was 274 days (just over 39 weeks). For multiple births, the median duration of pregnancy was 269 days (38.4 weeks).

Birth Weight

The primary causes of VLBW are premature birth (born <37 weeks gestation, and often <30 weeks) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), usually due to problems with placenta, maternal health, or to birth defects. Many VLBW babies with IUGR are preterm and thus are both physically small and physiologically immature.

Birth weight (grams)	less 500	500 – 999	1,000 – 1,499	1,500 – 1,999	2,000 – 2,499	2,500 – 2,999	3,000 – 3,499	3,500 – 3,999	4,000 – 4,499	4,500 – 4,999	5,000 or more
Classification	Extremely Low Birth Weight		Very Low Birth Weight	Low Birth Weight		Normal Birth Weight			High Birth Weight

Newborn Homoeostasis

Guthrie card

The newborn has to establish:

lung function
circulatory changes
thermoregulation
endocrine function
nutrition
gastrointestinal tract function
waste
kidney function

Australian Birth

Australia’s mothers and babies (2012)

Now briefly consider the current Australian trends in birth and the new reproductive technologies available.

Australian births (2011)

Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand

Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2012

Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) is also sometimes also used to identify In vitro fertilization (IVF) but now includes many new techniques.

See the 2014 report^[1]

70,082 assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment cycles performed in Australia (64,905 ) and New Zealand (5,177),
3,590 babies born (including 13,312 liveborn babies) following ART treatment in 2012.
an increase of 5.8% for Australia and a decrease of 0.2% for New Zealand on 2011.
13.7 cycles per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15–44 years) in Australia
Women used their own oocytes or embryos (autologous) in 95.2% of treatments, and 34.8% of all cycles used frozen/thawed embryos.
36,171 women who undertook 66,710 autologous fresh and/or thaw cycles in Australia and New Zealand in 2012.
average, 1.8 cycles per woman were undertaken in 2012, with more cycles per woman in Australia (1.9 cycles per woman) than in New Zealand (1.5 cycles per woman).
increase in cycles where preimplantation genetic diagnosis was performed, from 2.0% of cycles in 2011 to 3.7% of cycles in 2012.
Maternal Age
- women aged under 30, the live delivery rate was 26.0% for both autologous fresh and thaw cycles.
- women aged over 44, the live delivery rate was 0.9% and 4.6% for autologous fresh and thaw cycles respectively.

(More? Assisted Reproductive Technology)

Maternal Changes

Puerperium - six weeks following birth, maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to pre-pregnancy state.
Involution - process of tissue catabolism of uterus.
Lochia - uterine (placental) discharge, blood plus mucous, continues for about 4 weeks.
Mammary - glandular development and function.

Development does not finish at Birth

Many systems continue to grow and differentiate after birth, in particular neural, sensory, respiratory, renal, endocrine and genital.


Newborn Brain Changes - Complex and ongoing processes of neurological development continue postnatally. This can be seen at the very basic level by simply measuring the increase in overall brain weight.	Postnatal lung growth - At birth about 15% of adult alveoli number have formed.

↑ Macaldowie A, Wang YA, Chughtai AA & Chambers GM 2014. Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2012. Sydney: National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, the University of New South Wales. PDF | eBook

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Foundations Practical - Neonatal. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Foundations_Practical_-_Neonatal

What Links Here?

[1] Macaldowie A, Wang YA, Chughtai AA & Chambers GM 2014. Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2012. Sydney: National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, the University of New South Wales. PDF | eBook

[1]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The neonatal period is about the transition from an interuterine placenta and maternally supported life to life to relatively independent life in the external environment.
-In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. Also remember that substantial postnatal development still has to occur postnatally in the musculoskeletal, nervous and immune systems.
+In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. Remember that substantial postnatal development still has to occur in many systems. Identify these systems and the associated changes that occur.
 ==Birth==