Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development: Difference between revisions

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{{Header}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Foundsmall.jpg|left]] [[Image:Mark_Hill.jpg|thumb|Dr Mark Hill]]
Human development is one of the most exciting topics to study not only as a medical student, but also for our fundamental understanding of the human body. Of all health issues in Medicine, fertility and reproduction is a topic that will affect everyone. This lecture is going to take you briefly through key biological concepts in human development, these will later be explored in more detail through the BGD course. I will be using simplified terms in the lecture slides (with developmental term in brackets).
:''[[Australian Statistics]] 23 January 2014 at 03:02:40 PM (Canberra time), the resident population of Australia is projected to be: 23,360,679.''
::(Similar sized countries - Mozambique, Syria, Madagascar, Romania, Australia, Cote d'Ivoire, Sri Lanka)
The lecture will be followed by a practical class introducing online resources for independent study and working through similar embryology concepts.
:'''Links:''' [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&printable=yes Printable Lecture Page] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=125526 2013] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=117829 2012] | [[Media:2014_Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development_-_Embryology.pdf|PDF version (1.3 MB, 19 pages)]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Other Foundations links
|-
| [[File:Foundsmall.jpg|left]] The following lecture, practical and practical support pages for Foundations can be found on this current site.
* [[Foundations - Histology Cells and Tissues|Foundations Practical - Histology support]]
* [[Foundations - Histology Epithelia and Skin|Foundations Practical - Skin Histology]]
* [[Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development]]
* [[Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development]]
|}
===Aims===
{|
{|
| [[File:Zygote_Award_2014.png|200px|left]]
|
| '''Best Student Projects'''
# Purpose of learning embryology
# Basic facts about early human development
# Appreciate differences between the conceptus, embryo and fetus
# General understanding of the term “critical periods” of development
 
'''Lecture Concepts:''' Embryology Education Support, Human Reproductive Cycle, First Trimester, Second and Third Trimester, Postnatal Development, Abnormal Development
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Lecture Content
|-
|
# '''Embryology Education Support''' - UNSW Embryology Online, Glossary Links, Textbooks
# '''Human Reproductive Cycle''' - Female. Male, Ovary, Ovulation, Trimesters
# '''First Trimester''' - Fertilization, Week 1, Week 2, Abnormal Implantation, Normal Implantation, Detect Pregnancy, Week 3, Gastrulation, Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm, Somitogenesis, Neuralation, Week 4, Week 4-8, Placenta
# '''Second and Third Trimester''' - Fetal
# '''Postnatal Development''' - Birth, Maternal Birth Stages, Neonatal, Childhood
# '''Abnormal Development''' - Critical Periods of Development, Diagnosis
 
:'''Links:'''  [[Foundations_Practical_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development|2014 Practical]] | [[Embryology Textbooks]]
|}
|<mediaplayer width='320' height='260' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/ad/Found2014part1.jpg">File:Found2014part1.mp4</mediaplayer>
|}
===Four Basic Tissue Types===
[[File:Stomach_histology_001.jpg|thumb|Stomach Wall containing all 4 basic tissues.]]
Tissues and organs of the body consist of combinations of 4 basic tissue organisations:
 
# Epithelial
# Connective
# Muscular
# Nervous
 
 
* Where do they come from?
* How do they develop?
 
===Human Development Timeline===
[[File:Human development timeline graph 02.jpg]]
 
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Last Menstrual Period (LMP) today -> Birth Date - January 30, 2014
|-
| Gestation Calculation
* Historic - Franz Carl Naegele (1777-1851), first rule for estimating pregnancy length
* Current - Ultrasound, the most accurate staging method
* First pregnancy (primipara) 274 days, just over 39 weeks
* Subsequent pregnancies (multipara) 269 days, 38.4 weeks
 
 
[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/Flab14EmbryoCalc.htm Calculate a new Birth Date]
 
|}
==Embryology Education Support==
===UNSW Embryology Online===
 
 
{| border='0px'
|-
| width=140px|
 
 
[[Image:Front-page-image.jpg|120px|link=http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/]]
 
| <mediaplayer width='360' height='410' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/6/61/Human_development_001_icon.jpg">File:Human development 001.mp4</mediaplayer>
| {{Human development movie 1}}
 
[[Movies]]
 
|}
 
Using these resources (online navigation, organization and printing) will be covered in the introduction to the associated Practical class.
 
===Glossary Links===
:[[A|A]]  | [[B|B]] | [[C|C]] | [[D|D]] | [[E|E]] | [[F|F]] | [[G|G]] | [[H|H]] | [[I|I]] | [[J|J]] | [[K|K]] | [[L|L]] | [[M|M]] | [[N|N]] | [[O|O]] | [[P|P]] | [[Q|Q]] | [[R|R]] | [[S|S]] | [[T|T]] | [[U|U]] | [[V|V]] | [[W|W]] | [[X|X]] | [[Y|Y]] | [[Z|Z]] | [[Numbers|Numbers]] | [[Symbols|Symbols]]
 
===Textbooks===
* There are many different  excellent embryology textbooks
* I have included 2 that cover the clinical topics as well. [[Embryology_Textbooks|More Textbooks?]]
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology
|-
| [[File:The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg|thumb|left|90px]]'''Citation:''' Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
 
:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://www.library.unsw.edu.au UNSW Library]
 
 
The following chapter links connect directly with a UNSW computer connection through the  library, external computer access will require ZPass log-in.
|-
|
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00002-3&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00002-3 Chapter 2 – First Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00003-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00003-5 Chapter 3 – Second Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00004-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00004-7 Chapter 4 – Third Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00005-9&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00005-9 Chapter 5 – Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00006-0&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00006-0 Chapter 6 – Ninth Week to Birth: The Fetal Period]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00007-2&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00007-2 Chapter 7 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00008-4&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00008-4 Chapter 8 – Body Cavities and Diaphragm]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00009-6&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00009-6 Chapter 9 – Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00010-2&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00010-2 Chapter 10 – Respiratory System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00011-4&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00011-4 Chapter 11 – Alimentary System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00012-6&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00012-6 Chapter 12 - Urogenital System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00013-8&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00013-8 Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00014-X&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00014-X  Chapter 14 - Skeletal System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00015-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00015-1 Chapter 15 - Muscular System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00016-3&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00016-3 Chapter 16 – Development of Limbs]
 
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00017-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00017-5 Chapter 17 – Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7 Chapter 18 – Development of Eyes and Ears]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00019-9&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00019-9 Chapter 19 – Integumentary System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5 Chapter 20 – Human Birth Defects]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00021-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00021-7 Chapter 21 – Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00030-8&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00030-8 Appendix : Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Larsen's Human Embryology
|-
| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|thumb|left|90px]]'''Citation:''' Larsen's Human Embryology 4th ed. Schoenwolf, Gary C; Larsen, William J, (William James). Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, c2009.
 
:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://www.library.unsw.edu.au UNSW Library]
 
 
The following chapter links connect directly with a UNSW computer connection through the  library, external computer access will require ZPass log-in.
|-
|
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6 Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10002-8 Chapter 2 - Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10003-X Chapter 3 - Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10004-1 Chapter 4 - Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10005-3 Chapter 5 - Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10006-5 Chapter 6 - Fetal Development and the Fetus as Patient]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10007-7 Chapter 7 - Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10008-9 Chapter 8 - Development of the Musculoskeletal System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10009-0 Chapter 9 - Development of the Central Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10010-7 Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10011-9 Chapter 11 - Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10012-0 Chapter 12 - Development of the Heart]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10013-2 Chapter 13 - Development of the Vasculature]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10014-4 Chapter 14 - Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10015-6 Chapter 15 - Development of the Urogenital System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10016-8 Chapter 16 - Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10017-X Chapter 17 - Development of the Ears and Eyes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10018-1 Chapter 18 - Development of the Limbs]
|}
 
 
:'''Links:''' [[Embryology_Textbooks|More Embryology Textbooks]]
 
==Human Reproductive Cycle==
* Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes
** testis the sperm (spermatozoa)
** ovary the egg (oocyte)
* there are several differences in when and how gametes are formed in the male and female gonad.
 
===Female===
* [[Menstrual Cycle]] a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
* begins at puberty
* release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
* Endocrine controlled (HPG axis)
**Hypothalamus
**Pituitary
**Gonad
 
[[File:XXhpgaxis.jpg|300px]] [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png|500px]]
 
===Male===
* begins at puberty
* continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa, human male 2,000/second)
* release millions of spermatozoa (require activation, capacitation)
 
===Ovary===
* Paired organs
* lying in the peritoneal cavity
[[File:Human_right_ovary_and_tube_1.jpg|400px]]
[[File:Ovary10x.jpg|400px]]
 
===Ovulation===
[[File:Menstrual_cycle.png|thumb|Human Menstrual Cycle]]
* [[O#ovulation|ovulation]] is the release of the egg (oocyte) at about the middle of the [[Menstrual Cycle|menstrual cycle]]
[[File:Human_ovulation_01.jpg|600px]]
 
'''Human ovulation'''
 
 
[[File:Ovulation_icon.jpg|150px|link=Rabbit Ovulation Movie]] [[File:Follicle 001 icon.jpg|150px|link=Ovulation Movie]]
 
===Trimesters===
[[File:Human development timeline graph 02.jpg|300px|Trimesters]]
* Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)
* First Trimester - embryonic period (organogenesis)
* Second and Trimester - fetal period (growth)
 
==First Trimester==
* Embryonic Period - Week 1 to 8 (first trimester)
* Establish the basic structure of organs and tissues (Organogenesis)
* development and growth of the placenta (Placentation)
 
[[File:Human_Carnegie_stage_1-23.jpg]]
 
[[File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg|120px|link=Embryonic Development]]
===Fertilization===
* the process of the 2 [[H#haploid|haploid]] [[G#gamete|gametes]] (egg and sperm) fusing and combining genetic material.
* '''conceptus''' - the entire product of fertilization
 
[[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|150px|link=Mouse_Fertilization_Movie]]
[[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|150px|link=Fertilization_Movie]]
 
[[File:Early_zygote.jpg|link=File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg]]
 
===Week 1===
* occurs freely floating in uterus
 
[[File:Week1 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Week 1 Movie]]
 
* occurs during [[Week_1|week 1]] following fertilization
* last menstrual period (LMP) week 3
* mitosis to form solid ball of cells (morula), then hollow ball (blastocyst)
 
[[File:Human-oocyte_to_blastocyst.jpg]]
 
 
[[File:Human_blastocyst_day_1-6.jpg|link=Blastocyst Day 3-6 Movie]]
 
[[File:Week1_summary.jpg]]
===Week 2===
* Implantation - initial attachment to uterine wall, and then invasion of the uterine wall.
 
[[File:Week2_001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Implantation Movie]]
[[File:Chorion 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Chorionic_Cavity_Movie]]
 
====Normal Implantation====
* Uterine body
** posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
** inferior implantation - placenta overlies internal os of uterus '''Placenta Previa'''
 
====Abnormal Implantation====
[[File:Tubal_pregnancy.gif|right]]
* Ectopic Sites
** external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
** If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
* Uterine - tubal pregnancy (most common ectopic)
 
====Detect Pregnancy====
[[File:Pregnancy_test.gif|thumb|pregnancy test]]
[[File:Ovary_corpus_luteum.jpg|thumb|Ovary - corpus luteum secretes hormone to support pregnancy.]]
* Clinically can be detected following implantation (week 2)
* Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - today ? ....... Birth Date - January 30, 2014


Best 5 student online pages on a selected embryology topic.
===Week 3===
[[File:Stage7-sem4.jpg|right|300px]]
* 3 Key processes commence


Work only identified by student number.  
====1. Gastrulation====


Can be included in your portfolio.
* the formation of the 3 layer embryo (trilaminar embryo)
** All tissues of the body are formed from these 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)
# '''Ectoderm''' (epithelium) - forms the central and peripheral nervous system and epithelium of the skin
# '''Mesoderm''' (connective tissue) -  forms the body connective tissues: blood, bone, muscle, connective tissue skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
# '''Endoderm''' (epithelium) - forms gastrointestinal tract organs and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts


Judged by Dr Mark Hill.
{|
| [[File:Trilaminar embryo.jpg|300px]]
| [[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|300px]]
|}
====2. Somitogenesis====
* segmentation of the mesoderm into '''somites'''
* forms the axial body plan


====3. Neuralation====
* segmentation of the ectoderm
* separates the neural tissue from the skin (epidermis)


[[File:Week3_folding icon.jpg|90px|link=Week 3 Development Movie]]


===Week 4===
* heart formation (cardiogenesis)
* first functioning organ
[[File:Amnion 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Amniotic Cavity Development Movie]]
[[File:Chick_Heart_001-icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Normal Chick Heart]]
[[File:Mouse_CT_E11.5_movie-icon.jpg|120px|link=Mouse E11.5 microCT Movie]]


''This is currently only a draft page.''
===Week 4-8===
* early development of the other organs, tissues and limbs
{|
|-
! Week 5
! Week 8
|-
| valign=bottom|{{SlideStage14bf18}}
| valign=bottom|{{SlideStage21bf11}}
|}
|}
==Criteria==


# Must be your own work.
===Placenta===
# Must be novel and interesting.
* Materno/fetal organ
# Must be scientifically accurate.
* No exchange of blood
# Must be correctly cited for sources.  
* Many different roles
# Must be compliant with copyright.
** can be "sampled" as part of a prenatal diagnostic test
* interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
* The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
** forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
** '''Decidua Basalis''' - implantation site
** '''Decidua Capsularis''' - enclosing the conceptus
** '''Decidua Parietalis''' - remainder of uterus
* uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
[[File:Placenta_term_anatomy_01.jpg|400px]]
==Second and Third Trimester==


* '''Week 9 to 37''' - Fetal Development
* Continuing growth and differentiation of organs formed in embryonic period
** some organs have a later development - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
** some continue to develop after birth - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
* growth in size, length (Second Trimester)
* growth in weight (Third Trimester)


===Additional Information===
<gallery>
* Selected award pages remain and promoted on the embryology website.
File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg|Fetal Head 12 cartilage and bone formation (12 week)
* '''All non-awarded pages deleted''' (Individual feedback is available upon request).
File:Fetal_head_section.jpg|Fetal Head head structures and the brain (12 week)
* All existing embryology website content can be used.  
File:Endochondral_bone.jpg|Fetal knee region
* Externally sourced/added material requires all correct information to be supplied and associated with the file.  
</gallery>
* Uploaded content cannot be deleted by student.


===Online Support===
[[File:fetal growth icon.jpg|120px|link=Fetal_Development]]
* There is an online student tutorial page and student question page.  
[[File:Ultrasound12wk_3D_image2.jpg|120px|link=Ultrasound_-_ Fetus 12 week]]
* There are existing online tutorials on formatting, image information, referencing and copyright.
[[File:19weeklabel1.jpg|120px|link=Ultrasound_-_ Fetus 19 week]]
 
==Postnatal Development==
===Birth===
[[File:Galletti1770_birth.jpg|thumb|Historic teaching model of birth]]
[[File:Birth-_Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging_02.jpg|thumb|MRI Birth]]
* birth (parturition) is a complex physiological process between the fetus and mother
* thought to be initiated by the fetus
===Maternal Birth Stages===
 
# Dilatation
# Expulsion
# Placental
# Recovery
 
[[:File:Australian-births_2007.png|Australian Birth Rate 1998-2007]]
===Newborn===
[[File:Newborn.jpg|thumb|Newborn infant (perinatal period)]]
Newborn ([[P#perinatal|perinatal]]) needs to activate many systems and establish independent regulation ([[H#homeostasis|homeostasis]])
* '''Lung function''' - Fluid drainage, Gas exchange, muscular activity
* '''Circulatory changes''' - Closure of 3 vascular shunts
* '''Thermoregulation''' - metabolic rate, fat metabolism
* '''Nutrition''' - gastrointestinal tract function, peristalsis
* '''Waste''' - kidney function
* '''Endocrine function''' - loss of placenta, maternal hormones
 
==Abnormal Development==
===Critical Periods of Development===
[[File:Human-critical_periods_of_development.jpg|thumb|Human critical periods of development]]
Three main causes:
# Genetic
# Environmental
# Unknown
* First trimester most critical
* Different effect depending on time of insult (teratogen)
[[File:Human-critical periods of development.jpg]]
 
===Diagnosis===
* Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
* Neonatal diagnosis ([[A#APGAR|APGAR test]], [[G#Guthrie test|Guthrie test]])
* Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems
 
<gallery>
File:Amniocentesis.jpg|Amniocentesis
File:Cvs.jpg|Chorionic Villus Sampling
File:Ultrasound12wk_3D.jpg|Ultrasound
File:Apgar.jpg|Apgar scoresheet
File:Gutherie_card_icon.jpg|Gutherie card
File:Congenital dislocation hip.jpg|Xray congenital dislocation hip
File:Newborn hearing test.jpg|Newborn hearing test
</gallery>
 
 
[[:Media:Dancing_baby.mov|Finished!]]
 
==Additional Information==
{{Med Prac additional Information}}
===Revision Notes===
[[File:Human_development_timeline_graph_01.jpg|thumb|400px|Human development timeline]]
* You don't need to know everything today, this is an introduction.
* Use the glossary to help understand new terms.
* Don't confuse "germ cell layers" (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) with "germ cells" (egg, spermatazoa).
* Remember the difference between "clinical weeks" (last menstral period) and "embryonic weeks" (from ovulation/fertilisation, 2 weeks later).
* With abnormalities
** think about the types of prenatal dianostic techniques that are now available
** the 2 major types (genetic and environmental)
** the effect of maternal age/health/lifestyle.
 
===Textbooks===
 
{|
|-
| [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
| Hill, M.A. (2013) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (13<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
*  [[Menstrual Cycle|Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Oocyte]] | [[Spermatozoa]] | [[Cell Division - Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[Cell Division - Mitosis|Mitosis]]
* [[Fertilization]] | [[Zygote]] | [[Morula]] | [[Blastocyst]] | [[Implantation]]
* [[Week 1]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Week 3]]
* Science [[Lecture - Fertilization]] | [[Lecture_-_Week_1_and_2_Development|Lecture - Week 1 and 2]]
|-
| [[File:The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg|80px]]
| Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
 
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human]
|-
| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]]
| Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i>  (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
 
The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this [http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000047996 UNSW Library connection].
* [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6 Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week]
 
|}


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----
----
[[File:Foundsmall.jpg|40px]] [[Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development]]
{{Glossary}}


{{Footer}}
{{Footer}}
[[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Foundations]]  [[Category:2014]]

Revision as of 11:44, 20 May 2014

Embryology - 23 Apr 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Foundsmall.jpg
Dr Mark Hill

Human development is one of the most exciting topics to study not only as a medical student, but also for our fundamental understanding of the human body. Of all health issues in Medicine, fertility and reproduction is a topic that will affect everyone. This lecture is going to take you briefly through key biological concepts in human development, these will later be explored in more detail through the BGD course. I will be using simplified terms in the lecture slides (with developmental term in brackets).


Australian Statistics 23 January 2014 at 03:02:40 PM (Canberra time), the resident population of Australia is projected to be: 23,360,679.
(Similar sized countries - Mozambique, Syria, Madagascar, Romania, Australia, Cote d'Ivoire, Sri Lanka)

The lecture will be followed by a practical class introducing online resources for independent study and working through similar embryology concepts.


Links: Printable Lecture Page | 2013 | 2012 | PDF version (1.3 MB, 19 pages)

Aims

  1. Purpose of learning embryology
  2. Basic facts about early human development
  3. Appreciate differences between the conceptus, embryo and fetus
  4. General understanding of the term “critical periods” of development

Lecture Concepts: Embryology Education Support, Human Reproductive Cycle, First Trimester, Second and Third Trimester, Postnatal Development, Abnormal Development

<mediaplayer width='320' height='260' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/ad/Found2014part1.jpg">File:Found2014part1.mp4</mediaplayer>

Four Basic Tissue Types

Stomach Wall containing all 4 basic tissues.

Tissues and organs of the body consist of combinations of 4 basic tissue organisations:

  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous


  • Where do they come from?
  • How do they develop?

Human Development Timeline

Human development timeline graph 02.jpg


Embryology Education Support

UNSW Embryology Online


Front-page-image.jpg

<mediaplayer width='360' height='410' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/6/61/Human_development_001_icon.jpg">File:Human development 001.mp4</mediaplayer>
Human development 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Development
Page | Play

Movies

Using these resources (online navigation, organization and printing) will be covered in the introduction to the associated Practical class.

Glossary Links

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols

Textbooks

  • There are many different excellent embryology textbooks
  • I have included 2 that cover the clinical topics as well. More Textbooks?


Links: More Embryology Textbooks

Human Reproductive Cycle

  • Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes
    • testis the sperm (spermatozoa)
    • ovary the egg (oocyte)
  • there are several differences in when and how gametes are formed in the male and female gonad.

Female

  • Menstrual Cycle a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
  • begins at puberty
  • release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
  • Endocrine controlled (HPG axis)
    • Hypothalamus
    • Pituitary
    • Gonad

XXhpgaxis.jpg Menstrual cycle.png

Male

  • begins at puberty
  • continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa, human male 2,000/second)
  • release millions of spermatozoa (require activation, capacitation)

Ovary

  • Paired organs
  • lying in the peritoneal cavity

Human right ovary and tube 1.jpg Ovary10x.jpg

Ovulation

Human Menstrual Cycle

Human ovulation 01.jpg

Human ovulation


Ovulation icon.jpg Follicle 001 icon.jpg

Trimesters

Trimesters

  • Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)
  • First Trimester - embryonic period (organogenesis)
  • Second and Trimester - fetal period (growth)

First Trimester

  • Embryonic Period - Week 1 to 8 (first trimester)
  • Establish the basic structure of organs and tissues (Organogenesis)
  • development and growth of the placenta (Placentation)

Human Carnegie stage 1-23.jpg

Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg

Fertilization

  • the process of the 2 haploid gametes (egg and sperm) fusing and combining genetic material.
  • conceptus - the entire product of fertilization

Fertilization 001 icon.jpg Fertilization 002 icon.jpg

Early zygote.jpg

Week 1

  • occurs freely floating in uterus

Week1 001 icon.jpg

  • occurs during week 1 following fertilization
  • last menstrual period (LMP) week 3
  • mitosis to form solid ball of cells (morula), then hollow ball (blastocyst)

Human-oocyte to blastocyst.jpg


Human blastocyst day 1-6.jpg

Week1 summary.jpg

Week 2

  • Implantation - initial attachment to uterine wall, and then invasion of the uterine wall.

Week2 001 icon.jpg Chorion 001 icon.jpg

Normal Implantation

  • Uterine body
    • posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
    • inferior implantation - placenta overlies internal os of uterus Placenta Previa

Abnormal Implantation

Tubal pregnancy.gif
  • Ectopic Sites
    • external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
    • If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
  • Uterine - tubal pregnancy (most common ectopic)

Detect Pregnancy

pregnancy test
Ovary - corpus luteum secretes hormone to support pregnancy.
  • Clinically can be detected following implantation (week 2)
  • Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - today ? ....... Birth Date - January 30, 2014

Week 3

Stage7-sem4.jpg
  • 3 Key processes commence

1. Gastrulation

  • the formation of the 3 layer embryo (trilaminar embryo)
    • All tissues of the body are formed from these 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)
  1. Ectoderm (epithelium) - forms the central and peripheral nervous system and epithelium of the skin
  2. Mesoderm (connective tissue) - forms the body connective tissues: blood, bone, muscle, connective tissue skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
  3. Endoderm (epithelium) - forms gastrointestinal tract organs and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
Trilaminar embryo.jpg Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg

2. Somitogenesis

  • segmentation of the mesoderm into somites
  • forms the axial body plan

3. Neuralation

  • segmentation of the ectoderm
  • separates the neural tissue from the skin (epidermis)

Week3 folding icon.jpg

Week 4

  • heart formation (cardiogenesis)
  • first functioning organ

Amnion 001 icon.jpg Chick Heart 001-icon.jpg Mouse CT E11.5 movie-icon.jpg

Week 4-8

  • early development of the other organs, tissues and limbs
Week 5 Week 8
Stage 14 - Lateral View

Stage14 bf18.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 14 | Embryo Slides
Stage 21 - Left Lateral

Stage21 bf11.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 21 | Embryo Slides

Placenta

  • Materno/fetal organ
  • No exchange of blood
  • Many different roles
    • can be "sampled" as part of a prenatal diagnostic test
  • interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
  • The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
    • forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
    • Decidua Basalis - implantation site
    • Decidua Capsularis - enclosing the conceptus
    • Decidua Parietalis - remainder of uterus
  • uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks

Placenta term anatomy 01.jpg

Second and Third Trimester

  • Week 9 to 37 - Fetal Development
  • Continuing growth and differentiation of organs formed in embryonic period
    • some organs have a later development - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
    • some continue to develop after birth - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
  • growth in size, length (Second Trimester)
  • growth in weight (Third Trimester)
  • Fetal Head 12 cartilage and bone formation (12 week)

    Fetal Head 12 cartilage and bone formation (12 week)

  • Fetal Head head structures and the brain (12 week)

    Fetal Head head structures and the brain (12 week)

  • Fetal knee region

    Fetal knee region

Fetal growth icon.jpg Ultrasound12wk 3D image2.jpg 19weeklabel1.jpg

Postnatal Development

Birth

Historic teaching model of birth
MRI Birth
  • birth (parturition) is a complex physiological process between the fetus and mother
  • thought to be initiated by the fetus

Maternal Birth Stages

  1. Dilatation
  2. Expulsion
  3. Placental
  4. Recovery

Australian Birth Rate 1998-2007

Newborn

Newborn infant (perinatal period)

Newborn (perinatal) needs to activate many systems and establish independent regulation (homeostasis)

  • Lung function - Fluid drainage, Gas exchange, muscular activity
  • Circulatory changes - Closure of 3 vascular shunts
  • Thermoregulation - metabolic rate, fat metabolism
  • Nutrition - gastrointestinal tract function, peristalsis
  • Waste - kidney function
  • Endocrine function - loss of placenta, maternal hormones

Abnormal Development

Critical Periods of Development

Human critical periods of development

Three main causes:

  1. Genetic
  2. Environmental
  3. Unknown
  • First trimester most critical
  • Different effect depending on time of insult (teratogen)

Human-critical periods of development.jpg

Diagnosis

  • Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
  • Neonatal diagnosis (APGAR test, Guthrie test)
  • Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems
  • Amniocentesis

    Amniocentesis

  • Chorionic Villus Sampling

    Chorionic Villus Sampling

  • Ultrasound

    Ultrasound

  • Apgar scoresheet

    Apgar scoresheet

  • Gutherie card icon.jpg

    Gutherie card

  • Xray congenital dislocation hip

    Xray congenital dislocation hip

  • Newborn hearing test

    Newborn hearing test


Finished!

Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.

Revision Notes

Human development timeline
  • You don't need to know everything today, this is an introduction.
  • Use the glossary to help understand new terms.
  • Don't confuse "germ cell layers" (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) with "germ cells" (egg, spermatazoa).
  • Remember the difference between "clinical weeks" (last menstral period) and "embryonic weeks" (from ovulation/fertilisation, 2 weeks later).
  • With abnormalities
    • think about the types of prenatal dianostic techniques that are now available
    • the 2 major types (genetic and environmental)
    • the effect of maternal age/health/lifestyle.

Textbooks

Logo.png Hill, M.A. (2013) UNSW Embryology (13th ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW Library connection.


Foundsmall.jpg Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link


Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 23) Embryology Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Retrieved from ‘https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=136991’
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