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==MRI Human Embryo - Upper Limb==
==MRI Human Embryo - Upper Limb==


Human embryo week 6 ({{GA}} 8 week). Ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) at 7.1 T (Clin Scan, Bruker Biospin, Germany) was performed in 10 human specimens at 8 to 12 weeks of gestational age (GA). In-plane resolution was 20 μm with a slice thickness of 70 μm.
Human embryo week 6 ({{GA}} 8 week) and week 7 ({{GA}} 9 week). Ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) at 7.1 T (Clin Scan, Bruker Biospin, Germany) was performed in 10 human specimens at 8 to 12 weeks of gestational age (GA). In-plane resolution was 20 μm with a slice thickness of 70 μm.
{|
{|width=900px|
|'''a''' Sagittal T2w image of the humerus of an 8-week GA specimen demonstrates initial ossification within the central part of the diaphysis (arrow). Chondrified ribs (short arrow).  
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| '''b''' Coronal T2w image of the forearm of the same specimen as in a) demonstrates small ossification centers in the central parts of the radius and ulna (arrow). The carpal (dotted white arrow) and metacarpal bones (dotted black arrow) are already visible as precartilage states.  
! width=300px|'''a''' {{GA}} 8 week Sagittal T2w - humerus
| '''c''' Coronal T2w image of a 9-week GA specimen shows increased size of the ossification centers in humerus (white arrowhead) and radius (black arrow). The carpal and metacarpal bones demonstrate progressive chondrification and appear hypointense compared to the 8-week GA specimen
! width=300px|'''b''' {{GA}} 8 week Coronal T2w - forearm
! width=300px|'''c''' {{GA}} 9 week Coronal T2w - forearm
|-
| width=300px valign=top|Shows initial ossification within the central part of the diaphysis (arrow).  
 
Chondrified ribs (short arrow).  
| width=300px valign=top|Shows small ossification centers in the central parts of the radius and ulna (arrow).  
 
The carpal (dotted white arrow) and metacarpal bones (dotted black arrow) are already visible as precartilage states.  
| width=300pxvalign=top|Shows increased size of the ossification centers in humerus (white arrowhead) and radius (black arrow).  
 
The carpal and metacarpal bones demonstrate progressive chondrification and appear hypointense compared to the 8-week GA specimen
|}
|}


:'''Links:''' [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]


{{Upper limb ossification collapse table}}
:'''Links:''' [[:File:MRI Human Embryo - upper limb 01.jpg|image - GA 8 and 9 week]] | [[:File:MRI Human Embryo - upper limb 02.jpg|image - GA 9 week]] | [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] | [[Musculoskeletal System - Limb Development|Limb Development]] | [[Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development|Bone Development]] | [[Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development Timeline|Bone Timeline]]
===Reference===
===Reference===
<pubmed>27316469</pubmed>
<pubmed>27316469</pubmed>


[http://bmcdevbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12861-016-0123-z BMC Dev Biol.]
[http://bmcdevbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12861-016-0123-z BMC Dev Biol.]
====Copyright====
====Copyright====
© The Author(s). 2016
© The Author(s). 2016

Latest revision as of 00:39, 29 June 2016

MRI Human Embryo - Upper Limb

Human embryo week 6 (GA 8 week) and week 7 (GA 9 week). Ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) at 7.1 T (Clin Scan, Bruker Biospin, Germany) was performed in 10 human specimens at 8 to 12 weeks of gestational age (GA). In-plane resolution was 20 μm with a slice thickness of 70 μm.

a GA 8 week Sagittal T2w - humerus b GA 8 week Coronal T2w - forearm c GA 9 week Coronal T2w - forearm
Shows initial ossification within the central part of the diaphysis (arrow).

Chondrified ribs (short arrow).

Shows small ossification centers in the central parts of the radius and ulna (arrow).

The carpal (dotted white arrow) and metacarpal bones (dotted black arrow) are already visible as precartilage states.

Shows increased size of the ossification centers in humerus (white arrowhead) and radius (black arrow).

The carpal and metacarpal bones demonstrate progressive chondrification and appear hypointense compared to the 8-week GA specimen


Table of Ossification of the Bones of the Superior Extremity  
(Days and weeks refer to the prenatal, years to the postnatal period.)
Bone Centres Time of appearance of centre Union of primary and secondary centres; remarks.
Clavicle Diaphysis 6th week There are two centres in the shaft, a medial and a lateral. These blend on the 45th day (Mall). Shaft and epiphysis unite between the 20th and 25th years.
Sternal epiphysis 18th to 20th year
Scapula Primary centres: The chief centre appears near the lateral angle. The subcoracoid centre appears at the base of the coracoid process and also gives rise to a part of the superior margin of the glenoid fossa. The coracoid process joins the body about the age of puberty. The acromial epiphysis centres (two or three in number) fuse with one another soon after their appearance and with the spine between the 22nd and 25th years (Quain); 20th year (Wilms). The subcoracoid and the epiphysis of the coracoid process, the glenoid fossa, the inferior angle, and the vertebral margin join between the 18th and 24th years in the order mentioned (Sappey).
1. That of the body, the spine, and the base of the glenoid cavity. 8th week (Mall) 1
2. Goraooid process 1st year
3. Subcoracoid 10th to 12th year
Epiphyses:
Acromial epiphyses 15th to 18th year
Epiphysis of the inferior angle. 16 to 18th year
Epiphyses of the vertebral border. 18th to 20th year
Epiphyses of upper surface of coracoid. 16th to 18th year.
Epiphysis of surface of glenoid fossa. 16th to 18th year.
Humerus Diaphysis 6th to 7th week (Mall) The epiphyses of the head, the tuberculum majus and the tuberculum minus (the last is inconstant) unite with one another in 4th-6th year and with the shaft in 20th-25th year. The epiphyses of the capitulum, lateral epicondyle, and trochlea unite with one another and then in the 16th-17th year join the shaft. The epiphysis of the medial epicondyle joins the shaft in the 18th year.
Epiphyses:
Head 1st to 2d year
Tuberculum majus 2d to 3d year
Tuberculum minus 3d to 5th year
Capitulum 2d to 3d year
Epioondylus med 5th to 8th year
Lateral margin of trochlea 11th to 12th year
Epicondylus lat 12th to 14th year
Radius Diaphysis 7th week (Mall) The superior epiphysis and shaft unite between the 17th and 20th years. The inferior epiphysis and shaft about the 21st year (Pryor); M 21st year, F 21st-25th year (Sappey). Sometimes an epiphysis is found m the tuberosity (R. and K.) and in the styloid process (Sappey).
Epiphyses:
Carpal end F 8th month - M 15th month (Pryor)
Humeral end 6th-7th year
Ulna Diaphysis 7th week The centre for the shaft of the ulna arises a few days later than that for the radius. The proximal epiphysis is united to the shaft about the 17th year; the inferior epiphysis between the 18th and 20th years; F 20th - 21st years, M 21st - 24th years (Sappey). There is sometimes an epiphysis in the styloid process (Sohwegel) and in the tip of the olecranon process (Sappey).
Epiphyses:
Carpal end F 6th-7th year - M 7th-8th year (Pryor)
Humeral end 10th year
Carpus Os capitatum F 3d-6th month M 4th-10th month The navicular sometimes has two centres of ossification (Serres. Rambaud and Renault). Serres and Pryor have described two centres of ossification in the lunatum. Debierre has described two centres in the pisiform, one in a girl of eleven, the other in a boy of twelve. The OS hamatum may have a special centre for the hamular process. Pryor has found two centres in the triquetrum. Pryor (1908), describes the centres of ossification of the carpal bones as assuming shapes characteristic of each bone at an early period.
Os hamatum F 5th-10th month M 6th-12th month
Os triquetrum F 2d-3d year M about 3 years
Os lunatum F 3rd-4th year M about 4 years
Os naviculare F at 4 years, or early in 5th year M about 5 years
Os mult. maj. F 4th-5th year M 5th-6th year
Osmult. min. F 4th-5th year M 6th-6th year
Os pisiforme F 9th-10th year M 12th-3th year
Metacarpals Diaphyses 9th week (Mall) The centres for the shafts of the second and third metacarpals are the first to appear. There may be a distal epiphysis for the first metacarpal and a proximal epiphysis for the second. Pryor (1906). found the distal epiphysis of the first metacarpal in about 6 per cent, of cases. It is a family characteristic. It arises before the 4th year and unites later. Pryor found the proximal epiphysis of the second metacarpal in six out of two hundred families. It unites with the shaft between the 4th and 6th-7th year; sometimes, however, not until the 14th year. In the seal and some other animals all the metacarpals have proximal and distal epiphyses (Quain). The epiphyses join the shafts between the 15th and 20th years. There may bean independent epiphysis for the styloid process of the 5th metacarpal. The epiphysis of the metacarpal of the index finger appears first. This is followed by those of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and 1st digits.
Proximal epiphysis of the first metacarpal 3d year
Distal epiphyses of the metacarpals 2d year
Phalanges Diaphyses 9th week (Mall)
First row Proximal epiphyses 1st-3rd year (Pryor) The shafts of the phalanges of the second and third fingers are the first to show centres of ossification. The phalanges of the little finger are the last, the epiphysis in the middle finger is the first to appear. This is followed by those of the 4th, 2d, 5th, and 1st digits.
Middle row Diaphyses 11th-12th week (Mall) The centres in the shafts of this row are the last to appear. The epiphysis of the phalanx of the middle finger is the first to appear. This is followed by those of the ring, index, and little finger (Pryor).
Proximal epiphyses 2nd-3rd year
Terminal row Diaphyses 7th-8th week The terminal phalanx of the thumb is the first to show a centre of ossification in the shaft. This is the first centre of ossification in the hand. It is developed in connective tissue while the centres of the other phalanges are developed in cartilage (Mall). The epiphysis of the ungual phalanx of the thumb is followed by those of the middle, ring, index, and little fingers. The fusion of the epiphyses of the phalanges with the diaphyses takes place in the 18th-20th year.
Proximal epiphyses 2nd-3rd year
Sesamoid bones Ossification begins generally in the 13th - 14th years, and may not take place until after middle life (Thilenius). For table of relative frequency in the embryo and adult see p. 385.
  1. According to Poirier, Traite d'Anatomie, p. 138, two centres appear in the eighth week, and unite in the third month to form a centre of ossification for the body of the scapula.
  2. F. Keibel and F.P. Mall Manual of Human Embryology (1910) Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Company.

M = male F = female.

Reference: Manual of Human Embryology by Franz Keibel and Franklin P. Mall (1910) Table - Upper Limb
Links: Historic - Upper limb ossification table | Historic - Chapter 11 Development of the Skeleton | Upper limb table | Upper limb collapsible table | Lower limb ossification table | Bone Development Timeline | Limb Development


Links: image - GA 8 and 9 week | image - GA 9 week | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Limb Development | Bone Development | Bone Timeline

Reference

<pubmed>27316469</pubmed>

BMC Dev Biol.

Copyright

© The Author(s). 2016

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology MRI Human Embryo - upper limb 01.jpg. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:MRI_Human_Embryo_-_upper_limb_01.jpg

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23:42, 28 June 2016Thumbnail for version as of 23:42, 28 June 20161,971 × 1,226 (258 KB)Z8600021 (talk | contribs)==MRI Human Embryo - Upper Limb== Human embryo week 6 ({{GA}} 8 week). a Sagittal T2w image of the humerus of an 8-week GA specimen demonstrates initial ossification within the central part of the diaphysis (arrow). Chondrified ribs (short arrow). b...

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