Endocrine - Other Tissues
Introduction
A growing number of other tissues have been shown to have a range of associated endocrine functions.
| adipose tissue | original page
Endocrine Heart
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - Increase Filtration rate / decrease Na+ reabsorption
- Endothelins - ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, Vasoconstriction / Increase NO
- Nitric oxide (NO) - Vasodilatation
Endocrine Kidney
- Renin - Increase Angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Prostaglandins - decrease Na+ reabsorption
- Erythropoietin - Increase Erythrocyte (rbc) production
- 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D - calcium homeostasis
- Prekallikreins - Increase Kinin production
Gastrointestinal Tract Endocrine
The gastrointestinal tract has its own complex entero-endocrine system (enterohormones) that regulates many regional tract functions.
- Gastrin - Secreted from stomach (G cells), role in control of gastric acid secretion
- Cholecystokinin - small intestine hormone, stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile
- Secretin - small intestine hormone (epithelial cells), stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluids from pancreas and liver
Cells within the stomach express a range of peptide hormones known to regulate a range of gastric functions including secretion of digestive enzymes, mucous and the movement of the luminal contents. The list below shows the earliest detectible presence of specific hormone-containing cells in regions of the developing human stomach.[1]
- 8 weeks - Gastrin containing cells in stomach antrum. Somatostatin cells in both the antrum and the fundus.
- 10 weeks - Glucagon containing cells in stomach fundus.
- 11 weeks - Serotonin containing cells in both the antrum and the fundus.
Ghrelin
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a long-term regulator of energy metabolism and short-term regulation of feeding.
Adipose Tissue
UNSW Embryology - Endocrine Adipose Tissue
The hormones leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are produced by adipose tissue. Of these hormones, we know the most about leptin, but it too is only a recent discovery (1994) and research has yet to uncover all this molecules hormonal roles. The role of the other listed "adipose hormones" is still even more speculative.[2]
- Leptin - polypeptide hormone produced in adipose and many other tissues with also many different roles
- Adiponectin - regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as acting as an anti-inflammatory on the cellular vascular wall
- Resistin - (for resistance to insulin, RETN) a 108 amino acid polypeptide and the related resistin-like protein-beta (Resistin-like molecule-beta, RELMbeta) stimulate endogenous glucose production
The two forms of adipose are white and brown adipose tissue. Brown adipose is found in newborns (2 - 5 % of the body weight) and can be used to dissipate stored energy as heat (thermogenesis), while adults have mainly white adipose.
Leptin
Leptin was discovered in 1994, named from the Greek word "leptos", meaning thin. This is a polypeptide hormone produced in adipose and many other tissues with also many different roles related to the inhibition of food intake and stimulation of energy expenditure.
In embryology, its levels are associated with fertility and reproductive maturity in many species. There are several additional hormonal roles in the adult including satiety, adiposity, and metabolism.
Adiponectin
Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) a 244 amino acid secretory protein hormone involved in regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as acting as an anti-inflammatory on the vascular wall.
Has a postulated role in suppressing the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis and also as an anti-inflammatory hormone.
Links: OMIM - Adiponectin | OMIM - Adiponectin Receptor 1 | OMIM - Adiponectin Receptor 2 |
Resistin
Resistin (for resistance to insulin, RETN) a 108 amino acid polypeptide and the related resistin-like protein-beta (Resistin-like molecule-beta, RELMbeta) stimulate endogenous glucose production. Therefore increased adiposity can cause an insulin resistance, subsequently has a postulated role in fat and gut modulation of hepatic insulin action.
Results from a recent study on vitamin C on resistin levels.
Bo S, Ciccone G, Durazzo M, Gambino R, Massarenti P, Baldi I, Lezo A, Tiozzo E, Pauletto D, Cassader M, Pagano G. Efficacy of antioxidant treatment in reducing resistin serum levels: a randomized study. PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 May 4;2(5):e17.
Antioxidant treatment alteration (reduction) of resistin serum levels.
PLoS Clinical Trials
Links: OMIM - Resistin | OMIM - Resistin-like protein-beta
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
A recent study has compared the levels of adipose hormones in normal and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complicated pregnancies.[3]
In fetal tissue (placenta, amnion and choriodecidua) for the normal pregnancy they found higher levels of the adipose hormones than in GDM.
In maternal tissues (adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) for the GDM pregnancy women have higher leptin than in normal women. (More? Abnormal Development - Gestational Diabetes | Abnormal Development - Maternal Diabetes | Endocrine Pancreas |
References
- ↑ The ontogeny of regulatory peptide-containing cells in the human fetal stomach: an immunocytochemical study. Stein BA, Buchan AM, Morris J, Polak JM. J Histochem Cytochem. 1983 Sep;31(9):1117-25. PMID: 6136542
- ↑ Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Meier U, Gressner AM. Clin Chem. 2004 Sep;50(9):1511-25. Review. PMID: 15265818
- ↑ Release and regulation of leptin, resistin and adiponectin from human placenta, fetal membranes, and maternal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus-complicated pregnancies. Lappas M, Yee K, Permezel M, Rice GE. J Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;186(3):457-65. PMID: 16135665
Online Textbooks
Reviews
Articles
- An immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the stomach of hypertensive rats. Kasacka I, Majewski M. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Sep;58(3):469-78. PMID: 17928643
- Gastric atrial natriuretic peptide regulates endocrine secretion in antrum and fundus of human and rat stomach. Gower WR Jr, Premaratne S, McCuen RW, Arimura A, McAfee Q, Schubert ML. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):G638-45. PMID: 12631561
- Ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of gastrin, somatostatin and serotonin in endocrine cells of human antral gastric mucosa. Tzaneva MA. Acta Histochem. 2003;105(2):191-201. PMID: 12831171
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Endocrine - Other Tissues. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Other_Tissues
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
