Endocrine - Other Tissues: Difference between revisions

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In embryology, its levels are associated with fertility and reproductive maturity in many species. There are several additional hormonal roles in the adult including satiety, adiposity, and metabolism.
In embryology, its levels are associated with fertility and reproductive maturity in many species. There are several additional hormonal roles in the adult including satiety, adiposity, and metabolism.


Leptin has also been shown to be produced by other tissues including the placenta.
Leptin has also been shown to be produced by other tissues including the placenta.<ref name=PMID9288733><pubmed>9288733 </pubmed></ref>





Revision as of 17:41, 6 May 2015

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

This current page recognises that there are a growing number of other tissues that have been shown to have a range of associated endocrine functions.


Endocrine Links: Introduction | BGD Lecture | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | pineal | hypothalamus‎ | pituitary | thyroid | parathyroid | thymus | pancreas | adrenal | endocrine gonad‎ | endocrine placenta | other tissues | Stage 22 | endocrine abnormalities | Hormones | Category:Endocrine
Historic Embryology - Endocrine  
1903 Islets of Langerhans | 1903 Pig Adrenal | 1904 interstitial Cells | 1908 Pancreas Different Species | 1908 Pituitary | 1908 Pituitary histology | 1911 Rathke's pouch | 1912 Suprarenal Bodies | 1914 Suprarenal Organs | 1915 Pharynx | 1916 Thyroid | 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis | 1920 Adrenal | 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis | 1926 Human Hypophysis | 1927 Adrenal | 1927 Hypophyseal fossa | 1930 Adrenal | 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts | 1935 Hypophysis | 1935 Pineal | 1937 Pineal | 1935 Parathyroid | 1940 Adrenal | 1941 Thyroid | 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus | 1957 Adrenal

Some Recent Findings

More recent papers
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References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Endocrine Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Endocrine Embryology</pubmed>

Endocrine Heart

  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - Increase Filtration rate / decrease Na+ reabsorption
  • Endothelins - ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, Vasoconstriction / Increase NO
  • Nitric oxide (NO) - Vasodilatation


Links: Cardiovascular System Development | Search PubMed Endocrine Heart

Endocrine Kidney

  • Renin - Increase Angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Prostaglandins - decrease Na+ reabsorption
  • Erythropoietin - Increase Erythrocyte (rbc) production
  • 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D - calcium homeostasis
  • Prekallikreins - Increase Kinin production


Links: Renal System Development | Search PubMed Endocrine Kidney

Gastrointestinal Tract Endocrine

The gastrointestinal tract has its own complex entero-endocrine system (enterohormones) that regulates many regional tract functions.

  • Gastrin - Secreted from stomach (G cells), role in control of gastric acid secretion
  • Cholecystokinin - small intestine hormone, stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile
  • Secretin - small intestine hormone (epithelial cells), stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluids from pancreas and liver


Cells within the stomach express a range of peptide hormones known to regulate a range of gastric functions including secretion of digestive enzymes, mucous and the movement of the luminal contents.

The list below shows the earliest detectible presence of specific hormone-containing cells in regions of the developing human stomach.[1]

  • 8 weeks - Gastrin containing cells in stomach antrum. Somatostatin cells in both the antrum and the fundus.
  • 10 weeks - Glucagon containing cells in stomach fundus.
  • 11 weeks - Serotonin containing cells in both the antrum and the fundus.

Ghrelin

Developing endocrine pancreas gherkin producing cells

Adult ghrelin is produced in the stomach and acts as a long-term regulator of energy metabolism and as a short-term regulation of feeding.

Prenatally may also have additional developmental and organisational effects.[3]

The developing pancreas also has a population of ghrelin-secreting cells that are not present in the adult, but are also seen expressed in some tumours.


Links: Gastrointestinal Tract Development | Endocrine Pancreas | Search PubMed Endocrine Gastrointestinal Tract

Adipose Tissue

Adiponectin Receptor Signaling[4]


The hormones leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are produced by adipose tissue. Of these hormones, we know the most about leptin, but it too is only a recent discovery (1994) and research has yet to uncover all this molecules hormonal roles. The role of the other listed "adipose hormones" is still even more speculative.[5]

  • Leptin - polypeptide hormone produced in adipose and many other tissues with also many different roles
  • Adiponectin - regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as acting as an anti-inflammatory on the cellular vascular wall
  • Resistin - (for resistance to insulin, RETN) a 108 amino acid polypeptide and the related resistin-like protein-beta (Resistin-like molecule-beta, RELMbeta) stimulate endogenous glucose production

The two forms of adipose are white and brown adipose tissue. Brown adipose is found in newborns (2 - 5 % of the body weight) and can be used to dissipate stored energy as heat (thermogenesis), while adults have mainly white adipose.

Leptin

Leptin was discovered in 1994, named from the Greek word "leptos", meaning thin. This is a polypeptide hormone produced in adipose and many other tissues with also many different roles related to the inhibition of food intake and stimulation of energy expenditure.

In embryology, its levels are associated with fertility and reproductive maturity in many species. There are several additional hormonal roles in the adult including satiety, adiposity, and metabolism.

Leptin has also been shown to be produced by other tissues including the placenta.[6]


Links: Placenta Development

Adiponectin

Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) a 244 amino acid secretory protein hormone involved in regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as acting as an anti-inflammatory on the vascular wall.

Has a postulated role in suppressing the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis and also as an anti-inflammatory hormone.

Links: OMIM - Adiponectin | OMIM - Adiponectin Receptor 1 | OMIM - Adiponectin Receptor 2 |

Resistin

Resistin (for resistance to insulin, RETN) a 108 amino acid polypeptide and the related resistin-like protein-beta (Resistin-like molecule-beta, RELMbeta) stimulate endogenous glucose production. Therefore increased adiposity can cause an insulin resistance, subsequently has a postulated role in fat and gut modulation of hepatic insulin action.


Results from a recent study on vitamin C on resistin levels.

Bo S, Ciccone G, Durazzo M, Gambino R, Massarenti P, Baldi I, Lezo A, Tiozzo E, Pauletto D, Cassader M, Pagano G. Efficacy of antioxidant treatment in reducing resistin serum levels: a randomized study. PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 May 4;2(5):e17.

Antioxidant treatment alteration (reduction) of resistin serum levels.

PLoS Clinical Trials

Links: OMIM - Resistin | OMIM - Resistin-like protein-beta



Links: Adipose Tissue Development | Search PubMed Endocrine Adipose Tissue | Search Leptin

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

A recent study has compared the levels of adipose hormones in normal and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complicated pregnancies.[7]

In fetal tissue (placenta, amnion and choriodecidua) for the normal pregnancy they found higher levels of the adipose hormones than in GDM.

In maternal tissues (adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) for the GDM pregnancy women have higher leptin than in normal women. (More? Abnormal Development - Gestational Diabetes | Abnormal Development - Maternal Diabetes | Endocrine Pancreas |

References

  1. <pubmed>6136542</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>23940571</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  3. <pubmed>24695544</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>24695544</pubmed>| PMC3948585 | Int J Endocrinol.
  5. <pubmed>15265818</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>9288733 </pubmed>
  7. <pubmed>16135665</pubmed>

Online Textbooks

Reviews

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Search April 2010

  • endocrine adipose - All (75) Review (40) Free Full Text (12)
  • endocrine heart - All (140) Review (47) Free Full Text (22)
  • endocrine kidney - All (128) Review (19) Free Full Text (9)
  • endocrine gastrointestinal tract - All (115) Review (32) Free Full Text (13)

Search Pubmed: endocrine adipose | endocrine heart | endocrine kidney | endocrine gastrointestinal tract

Additional Images

Adult Histology

Terms

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Endocrine - Other Tissues. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Other_Tissues

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G