Embryology History - Frederic Lewis: Difference between revisions

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Introduction

Frederick Thomas Lewis
Frederick Thomas Lewis (1875-1951)

Frederick Thomas Lewis (1875-1951) studied at Harvard College (AB magna cum laude, 1897; M.D. cum laude, 1901). His embryological research at the Harvard Medical School was based upon the Harvard Collection of human embryos, pig, and rabbit embryos. A selection of some of his historic papers and textbooks are available online. He also taught embryology at the medical school for 40 years and in retirement worked on the Ernst-Lewis Microscope Collection.

In 1906, he translated and edited the textbook Stoehr's Histology (see preface below) organised on the basis of embryology.

In 1952 a memoir of his life by E. A. Boyden appeared in the Anatomical Record.[1]


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Stoehr's Histology - Preface

Preface

The need of a text-book of histology arranged upon an embryological basis has long been felt. At the Harvard Medical School this need has been urgent. There Professor Schaper, the editor of the five previous American editions of Stohr's Histology planned such a book, and after his return to Germany its preparation was begun. It is greatly to be regretted that at the time of his death the work was only commenced, for there was promise of a notable production.


When the writer was informed that Professor Stohr had given generous permission to adapt a new edition of his Histology to American needs it was decided to rearrange the book upon an embryological plan. This has been accomplished with the loss of some characteristic features of the German edition, for which the added material will, it is hoped, make compensation. Thus in order to have space for describing the controlling developmental features of the organs, and for presenting their adult structure somewhat more fully, the directions for preparing sections have been reduced to the minimum. These may be supplemented by directions in the class room; and for the small proportion of students who intend to practice elaborate microscopical methods, a special text-book may be recommended. It is not essential that a physician should be familiar with the details of many staining processes, but the structure of the adult organs and the developmental possibilities of their constituent tissues must be known.


The nomenclature adopted is that published by the committee of the German Association of Anatomists m 1895 (-^rcA. /. Anat, u. Phys.; Anat, Abth.; Supplement-Band) J and which is now widely used. It is founded upon the sound principle that the name of a structure should be the simplest possible descriptive Latin term or phrase. Since the Latin names may be translated into the various modem languages the nomenclature is international. Moreover a large number of the names are conmionly used in their Latin forms. Personal names have been discarded (except Wolffian and Milllertan), thus greatly assisting the student. It is obviously easier to learn intestinal glands , duodenal glands, parotid duct, etc., rather than Lieberkiihn's glands, Brunner's glands, Stenson's duct, and the like. It has been estimated that five thousand synonyms have been rejected and are to be removed from the anatomist's vocabulary as soon as possible. In the following pages the more common of the rejected names have been placed in square brackets, [ ]. However difficult it may be for the older anatomists to conform to this nomenclature, it seems clearly a duty to the overworked medical students to adopt it.


Excellent as the German nomenclature is, as a whole, it is not beyond improvement, and it may be desirable for a conMnittee of the Association of American Anatomists to publish in their English forms a corresponding list of names. As few changes as possible should be made, but it is certain , for example, that the ventral surface of the body will not be called anterior , or the dorsal surface posterior. In the following pages anterior always means toward the head. Conunon general terms should be made even more specific. For instance, it is questionable whether follicle (Latin, a small leather bag, a husk or shell) should be applied to anything other than closed cysts like the follicles of the ovary and thyreoid gland. Its application by the Germans to the sheath of the hair and by many Americans to solid nodules of lymphoid tissue may lead the student to wonder if "follicle" is not a colloquial rather than a scientific term.


The attention of all students should be called to the American Journal of Anatomy, the quarterly publication of the Association of American Anatomists, which contains the results of current American anatomical and histological investigations. It probably aflfords the most satisfactory means by which a physician may keep in touch with these sciences.


The writer has many acknowledgments to make for help received. Messrs. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., and Mr. William T. Oliver, the artist who has drawn the more elaborate of the new figures, have rendered all the assistance possible. Members of several departments at the Harvard Medical School have given valuable advice, and Dr. G. H. Wright, Assistant in Dental Histology, has arranged a considerable portion of the section on the teeth. It is a privilege to present for the first time in a textbook, the discoveries of Dr. James H. Wright regarding the origin of blood plates. His remarkable conclusion that they are fragments of pseudopodia of the giant cells seems established beyond doubt by an examination of his specimens.


Finally it is a pleasure to record that after studying histology and embryology under Professor Charles S. Minot, the writer has for several years enjoyed the closest association with him in his scientific work. The results of such unusual privilege should be found reflected in this edition of Professor Stohr's Histology.

Frederic T. Lewis.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, September, 1906.

References

  1. <pubmed>14903587</pubmed>

Selected References

Lewis FT. The development of the vena cava inferior. (1902) Amer. J Anat. 1(3): 229-244.

Lewis FT. Stoehr's Histology. (1906) P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.


Selected Textbooks

Lewis FT. On the cervical veins and lymphatics in four human embryos, with an interpretation of anomalies on the subclavian and jugular veins in the adult. (1909)

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Embryology History - Frederic Lewis. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Embryology_History_-_Frederic_Lewis

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