Embryology History: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
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'''1914''' - image excerpts from a historic study of [[Book_-_The_Anatomy_of_a_17.8_mm_Human_Embryo|The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914]].
'''1914''' - image excerpts from a historic study of [[Book_-_The_Anatomy_of_a_17.8_mm_Human_Embryo|The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914]].
'''1914''' -  [[Paper_-_Observations upon Young Human Embryos|Observations upon Young Human Embryos]] Wilson JT. J Anat Physiol. 1914 Apr;48(Pt 3):315-51.<ref><pubmed>17233002</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288949 PMC1288949]</ref>


'''1917''' - "On Growth and Form" [http://www.darcythompson.org/about.html D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948)] publishes this book on the application of mathematics to growth in nature.
'''1917''' - "On Growth and Form" [http://www.darcythompson.org/about.html D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948)] publishes this book on the application of mathematics to growth in nature.

Revision as of 23:52, 20 February 2012

Introduction

Mhicon08.jpg These notes are intended to give some historic background to Embryology. Historically, say pre-20th century, Embryology was not easily separated from Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology and other biological sciences. I have also divided, for brevity, into pre-20th century, pre-molecular (lets call it 70's) and the current molecular embryology.


Links: Category:Historic Embryology | Embryology Historic Terminology
BrauneB1.jpg

Historic Disclaimer

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)


Mhicon08.jpg Students by definition are learning about a topic, so it would seem contrary to the function of an educational site to include information that may be either incorrect or inaccurate. On the other hand, I think it is also important to understand how we achieved our current understanding of embryology and the researchers, discoverers and educators who have made important contributions.

I therefore offer the following student study suggestions: Beginner | Intermediate | Advanced

Beginner students

You are just starting your studies and trying to understand basic embryology and development concepts.


Should probably avoid any content on the site labeled "Historic". The content may confuse or mislead your understanding of basic concepts in embryology and development. Begin with the notes pages linked from the image on the Main Page, or from the Site Map (excluding the history section of site).

Also be careful when viewing images and descriptions that appear as "additional images" or when using the "category" links at the bottom of pages.

Intermediate students

You have a general understanding of embryology and development concepts.


This means you have attended some lectures and practical classes, worked through some of the site notes pages, or studied an embryology textbook. I would still suggest caution when approaching historic material, be sure that you understand the current embryology theories. General observations of how long development takes and the appearance of the human and animal models embryos at different times will not have changed!

Historic images are generally more accurate than some of the accompanying notes pages where the images appear. Some of the labeled structures may have historic names that have been updated or changed in current descriptions, if in doubt use the Glossary. You may also note how many of the textbook images have been based upon some of these historic drawing.

Advanced students

You have a good understanding of embryology and development concepts.


This means that you not only understand, but can also explain clearly to others key developmental concepts. This also implies you understand the differences between recent findings, current controversies and research directions. Now is the time to confidently look back through the.

These historic materials will provide a context of how we arrived at our current understanding. Importantly, note the date on the page and consider what scientific techniques were available at that time and concurrent discoveries in biology and science.

How will I know that I am an advanced student? You should be able to identify concepts that remain and are applied today as well as those which have been updated or proved to be incorrect. Please also feel free to contact me with mistakes you have identified on this educational site.


Standing on the shoulders of giants.

Contributions to Embryology

Carnegie Institute of Washington logo.jpg
George L. Streeter, series editor1917 to 1940.


Historic Textbooks

These historic textbooks are listed chronologically below.

Educational History of the Genitalia

Johannes Müller (1801-1858)
Title Page Educational History of the Genitalia of Anatomica Studies on Embryos of Humans and Animals By Johannes Müller (1850)

The Elements of Embryology

Sir Michael Foster (1836 – 1907)
Foster Balfour Sedgwick and Heap 1883.jpg

Volume 1

By Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883) The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end | Appendix

Volume 2

By Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883) The History of the Mammalian Embryo: General Development | Embryonic Membranes and Yolk-Sac | Organs in Mammalia | Organs from Mesoblast | Alimentary Canal | Appendix | Figures

Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals

Oskar Hertwig (1849 – 1922)
Hertwig 1892.jpg By Hertwig, O. (1892) Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals

The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye

Brown 1906.jpg By Brown, E.J. (1906) The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye: Embryology | Anatomy | Histology | Figures


Atlas of the Development of Man (Vol 1 and 2)

Kollmann-title page volume 1.jpg Handatlas der entwicklungsgeschichte des menschen By Kohlmann, J. (1907)
Kollmann Atlas 1: Predevelopment | Ontogeny | Fetal membranes | Body shape | Systems and organs | Kollmann Atlas 1 | Kollmann Atlas 2 | Julius Kollmann
Kollmann Atlas 2: Gastrointestinal | Respiratory | Urogenital | Cardiovascular | Neural | Integumentary | Smell | Vision | Hearing | Kollmann Atlas 1 | Kollmann Atlas 2 | Julius Kollmann

Manual of Human Embryology

Keibel Mall 1910.jpg

by Franz Keibel and Franklin P. Mall (1910)

   Manual of Human Embryology I 1910: The Germ Cells | Fertilization | Segmentation | First Primitive Segment | Gastrulation | External Form | Placenta | Human Embryo and Fetus Age | Ovum Pathology | Integument | Skeleton and Connective Tissues | Muscular System | Coelom and Diaphragm | Figures | Manual of Human Embryology 1 | Manual of Human Embryology 2 | Franz Keibel | Franklin Mall | Embryology History

A Laboratory Manual and Text-book of Embryology

Prentiss 1918.jpg By Charles William Prentiss (1917)
Embryology - 29 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Prentiss CW. and Arey LB. A laboratory manual and text-book of embryology. (1918) W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London.

Human Embryology 1918: The Germ Cells | Germ Layers | Chick Embryos | Fetal Membranes | Pig Embryos | Dissecting Pig Embryos | Entodermal Canal | Urogenital System | Vascular System | Histogenesis | Skeleton and Muscles | Central Nervous System | Peripheral Nervous System | Embryology History
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
(Text at early stage of editing, images to be added)

The Early Embryology of the Chick

Patten 1920.jpg By Patten, B.M. (1920) The Early Embryology of the Chick: Introduction | Gametes and Fertilization | Segmentation | Entoderm | Primitive Streak and Mesoderm | Primitive Streak to Somites | 24 Hours | 24 to 33 Hours | 33 to 39 Hours | 40 to 50 Hours | Extra-embryonic Membranes | 50 to 55 Hours | Day 3 to 4 | References | Figures

Text-Book of Embryology

Bailey and Miller 1921.jpg By Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921) Text-Book of Embryology: Germ cells | Maturation | Fertilization | Amphioxus | Frog | Chick | Mammalian | External body form | Connective tissues and skeletal | Vascular | Muscular | Alimentary tube and organs | Respiratory | Coelom, Diaphragm and Mesenteries | Urogenital | Integumentary | Nervous System | Special Sense | Foetal Membranes | Teratogenesis

Anatomy of the Human Body

Gray 1918.jpg By Henry Gray (1918) Gray's Anatomy Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.

iBook Download of Embryology content

A History of Science

Williams 1904.jpg A History of Science by Henry Smith Williams, M.D., LL.D. assisted by Edward H. Williams, M.D. (1904) Arabian Medicine | Mediaeval Science in the West | The Great Anatomists | The coming of Harvey | Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria | Medicine in the 16th and 17th Century | Philosopher-Scientists and new Institutions | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3 | Theories Of Evolution Part 1 | Theories Of Evolution Part 2 | 18th Century Medicine | 19th Century Medicine Part 1 | 19th Century Medicine Part 2 | Brain and Mind | Brain Structure

Timeline

Long Ago

1626 Spiegel and Casseri: De formato foetu liber singularis (1626) Adriaan van den Spiegel (1578-1625) Published posthumously by Spigelius' son-in-law, the physician Liberalis L. Crema of Padua. (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)


1668 Regnier de Graaf (1641 - 1673), a Dutch physician and anatomist. Doctoral thesis on the pancreas, identified the function of the ovarian follicle (named Graafian follicle), the final mature antral follicle released by ovulation.

  • De Graaf R. De virorum organis generationi inservientibus, de clysteribus et de usu siphonis in anatomia. Ex officina Hackiana, Lugd. Batav. et Roterod. 1668.
  • De Graaf R. De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus tractatus novus. Ex officina Hackiana, Lugd. Batav. 1672.
  • R. De Graaf. Alle de wercken, Abraham Abrahamse, Amsterdam (1686).

References:

  • Houtzager HL. Reinier De Graaf and his contribution to reproductive biology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jun;90(2):125-7. No abstract available.
  • Jay V. A portrait in history. The legacy of Reinier de Graaf. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000 Aug;124(8):1115-6. No abstract available.
  • Setchell BP. The contributions of Regnier de Graaf to reproductive biology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1974;4(1):1-13. No abstract available.
  • Wiesemann C. [Regnier de Graaf (1641-1673)] Pathologe. 1991 Nov;12(6):352-3. German. No abstract available.
  • Mann RJ. Regnier de Graaf, 1641-1673, investigator. Fertil Steril. 1976 Apr;27(4):466-8. No abstract available.
  • Modlin IM. Regnier de Graaf: Paris, purging, and the pancreas. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;30(2):109-13. No abstract available.


1690 Bidloo, Govard (1649 - 1713) Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams, Amsterdam: By de weduwe van Joannes van Someren, de erfgenaamen van Joannes van Dyk, Hendrik en de weduwe van Dirk Boom, 1690. (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)

18th Century


1705 "Paul Portal (1630-1703), The Compleat Practice of Men and Women Midwives (1705). A French obstetrician, originally published this important treatise in Paris in 1696. It includes his demonstration of turning a fetus during childbirth using one foot and contains his teaching that face presentation runs a normal course during the labor process." (More? Historical Medical Digital Library)

1754 William Smellie: A sett of anatomical tables, with explanations, and an abridgment, of the practice of midwifery (1754). He also helped develop the delivery forceps which by the late eighteenth century were a well-known standard obstetrical instrument. (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)

1774 William Hunter (1718-1783) Anatomia uteri humani gravidi tabulis illustrata = The anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures (1774) (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)

1770 - 1775 A series of models commissioned by Giuseppe Galletti (? - 1819) currently held in the Institute and Museum of the History of Science (Italy) Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (IMSS). Giuseppe Galletti and others used terracotta and wax models that he had commissioned in Florence between 1770 and 1775 to train surgeons and midwives. Week 10 Fetus Model | Week 16 Fetus Model | Week 24 Fetus Model | Stage 1 Terracotta Model 1 | Stage 1 Terracotta Model 2 | Stage 1 Wax Model | Breech Birth 1 | Breech Birth 2 | Breech Birth 3 | Breech Birth Wax Model | Placenta Previa | Category:Galletti1770

Institute and Museum of the History of Science "Specimens of obstetric models: the wax models are life-sized; the terracotta versions are reduced to a 1:3 scale. Together with the anatomical waxes in the Specola Museum in Florence, these models are among the most significant examples of the use of artistic techniques for teaching medicine and obstetrics to midwives and surgery students in Florentine hospitals at the end of the eighteenth century."

19th Century

1824 - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination.

1859 Evolution Darwin

1867 Braune, Wilhelm (1831-1892): Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas : nach Durchschnitten an gefrornen Cadavern, Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp., 1867-1872. (Topographic-anatomical Atlas) (More? - Historical Anatomies)

1880 - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880).

Leydig cells named after german zoologist Franz von Leydig (1821 - 1908). (Franz von Leydig)

1883 - Michael Foster textbook on chicken development The Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end

1887 - W. H. Caldwell The Embryology of Monotremata and Marsupialia Part I.

1889 - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues

1892 - Oscar Hertwig Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals

Early 20th Century

1906 - Earl J. Brown textbook on The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye.

1907 - Peter Thompson article Description of a Human Embryo of Twenty-three Paired Somites[1]

1908 - Alexander Low article Description of a Human Embryo of 13-14 Mesodermic Somites[2]

1914 - image excerpts from a historic study of The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914.

1914 - Observations upon Young Human Embryos Wilson JT. J Anat Physiol. 1914 Apr;48(Pt 3):315-51.[3]

1917 - "On Growth and Form" D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948) publishes this book on the application of mathematics to growth in nature.

1918 - links to images from the historic textbook Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray.

1918 - Streeter G.L. (1918). The histogenesis and growth of the otic capsule and its contained periotic tissue-spaces in the human embryo.

1935 - Hans Spemann Nobel Prize in Medicine.

1920 - Bradley M. Patten textbook on The Early Embryology of the Chick.

1921 - Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. Text-Book of Embryology.

1937 - West C.M. A Human Embryo of Twenty-five Somites[4]


Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some Historic Movies 1920-1960.

Late 20th Century

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes. Some key women in development Virginia Apgar and Nicole Le Douarin.

1951 - Dr Viktor Hamburger and H L Hamilton publish "A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo."

1953 - Apgar test - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar.

1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.

1978 - First IVF baby born (The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 Awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro fertilization")

1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.

Nobel Prizes

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.

21st Century

2000 - Human Genome Complete

2001 talk given by Robert Winston "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century".

Nobel Prizes

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.


Also see other History of Medicine Resources, particularly Dr. Ian Carr's brief paper on The History of Childbirth, and Neonatology on the Web has a long list of historic Classic Papers in Neonatal Medicine.

History - People

Embryologists: William Hunter | Wilhelm Roux | Caspar Wolff | Wilhelm His | Oscar Hertwig | Julius Kollmann | Hans Spemann | Francis Balfour | Charles Minot | Ambrosius Hubrecht | Charles Bardeen | Franz Keibel | Franklin Mall | Florence Sabin | George Streeter | George Corner | James Hill | Jan Florian | Thomas Bryce | Thomas Morgan | Ernest Frazer | Francisco Orts-Llorca | José Doménech Mateu | Frederic Lewis | Arthur Meyer | Robert Meyer | Erich Blechschmidt | Klaus Hinrichsen | Hideo Nishimura | Arthur Hertig | John Rock | Viktor Hamburger | Mary Lyon | Nicole Le Douarin | Robert Winston | Fabiola Müller | Ronan O'Rahilly | Robert Edwards | John Gurdon | Shinya Yamanaka | Embryology History | Category:People
Related Histology Researchers  
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Camillo Golgi

Embryology Textbooks

Most Textbooks include Embryology Historic issues in the preface, opening chapter or within each chapter as a special section or highlighted text box. Therefore no specific chapter or page reference is shown for the texts below.

  • Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson
  • The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud
  • Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud
  • Essentials of Human Embryology Larson
  • Fitzgerald
Links: Embryology Textbooks

History of Science

Book - A History of Science by Henry Smith Williams

Nobel awards in Medicine

  • The Nobel Prize Homepage has a searchable database and an annual table of awards.
  • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 - discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death' Summary: "The human body consists of hundreds of cell types, all originating from the fertilized egg. During the embryonic and foetal periods, the number of cells increase dramatically. The cells mature and become specialized to form the various tissues and organs of the body. Large numbers of cells are formed also in the adult body. In parallel with this generation of new cells, cell death is a normal process, both in the foetus and adult, to maintain the appropriate number of cells in the tissues. This delicate, controlled elimination of cells is called programmed cell death."
  • The discovery of Hox genes and other genes related to body pattern formation. The fly Antennapedia mutant during development the embryo incorrectly positions two legs (pedia) where antenna should have been positioned. The discovery of this mutant in opened up the field of developmental genes and this field has recently (1995) been rewarded with a Nobel prize in Medicine. See also Fly Development
  • Award Details: "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
    • LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., 1918
    • NUSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut f√ºr Entwicklungsbiologie, Tubingen, Germany, 1942
    • WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., * 1947

References

Articles

<pubmed>11417885</pubmed> <pubmed>9260153</pubmed> <pubmed>8850558</pubmed> <pubmed>8735912</pubmed> <pubmed>9007209</pubmed> <pubmed>9511981</pubmed> <pubmed>9949997</pubmed> <pubmed>9284643</pubmed> <pubmed>8921131</pubmed> <pubmed>8735920</pubmed> <pubmed>8735918</pubmed> <pubmed>8735910</pubmed> <pubmed>7669542</pubmed> <pubmed>9061232</pubmed> <pubmed>7981025</pubmed> <pubmed>7981024</pubmed> <pubmed>8153264</pubmed> <pubmed>1478173</pubmed> <pubmed>1627471</pubmed> <pubmed>1627468</pubmed> <pubmed>1502140</pubmed> <pubmed>1804216</pubmed> <pubmed>1804214</pubmed> <pubmed>1804212</pubmed>

Search Pubmed

August 2010 "Embryology history" All (5271) Review (756) Free Full Text (799)

Search Pubmed: Embryology history

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.


Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Embryology History. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Embryology_History

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
  1. <pubmed>17232726</pubmed>| PMC1289111
  2. <pubmed>17232769</pubmed>| PMC1289161
  3. <pubmed>17233002</pubmed>| PMC1288949
  4. <pubmed>17104635</pubmed>| PMC1252340