Developmental Signals - Tbx

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Introduction

Mouse forelimb Tbx5 expression.[1]
Mouse hindlimb Tbx4 expression.[1]

Genes in the TBX gene family provide instructions for making proteins called T-box proteins that play critical roles during embryonic development. These proteins are especially important for normal development of the arms, hands, and heart. T-box proteins regulate the activity of other genes by attaching (binding) to specific regions of DNA. On the basis of this action, T-box proteins are called transcription factors. Genes in the T-box family are grouped together because the proteins produced from these genes share a similar segment called a T box. The T box is the part of the protein that binds to DNA. T-box proteins often interact with one another or with other transcription factors that regulate gene activity.

Researchers have identified at least 17 genes in the T-box gene family. Mutations in these genes lead to disorders that involve the abnormal development of tissues in which a particular T-box gene is active (expressed). Many genetic disorders caused by T-box gene mutations are characterized by heart problems and/or skeletal abnormalities of the hands and arms.


(text from Genetics Home Reference http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/geneFamily/tbx)


Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

| Category:Tbx

Some Recent Findings

  • Tbx1 regulates oral epithelial adhesion and palatal development[2] "Cleft palate, the most frequent congenital craniofacial birth defect, is a multifactorial condition induced by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In addition to complete cleft palate, a large number of human cases involve soft palate cleft and submucosal cleft palate. ...These findings suggest that Tbx1 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and is essential for palatal fusion and oral mucosal differentiation. The impaired adhesion separation of the oral epithelium together with compromised palatal mesenchymal growth is an underlying cause for various forms of cleft palate phenotypes in Tbx1(-/-) mice. Our present study reveals new pathogenesis of incomplete and submucous cleft palate during mammalian palatogenesis."

Limb Development

Mouse- forelimb-bud-Tbx3-Tbx2.jpg Mouse forelimb bud Tbx3 and Tbx2 expression[3]


Links: Limb Development

Respiratory Development

Mouse respiratory Tbx4 and Tbx5.jpg Mouse respiratory Tbx4 and Tbx5 model[4]
  • A - Lung and trachea specification begins at E9.0 in the ventral foregut and at this time Tbx5 expression (light purple) is adjacent to the presumptive endoderm. Later, Tbx4 and Tbx5 expression (dark purple) is in mesenchyme associated with the lung and trachea. Tbx5 but not Tbx4 is important for specification of bilateral lung buds and the trachea.
  • B - Magnification of box shown in (A) representing the events in the growing tip during branching morphogenesis. Grey denotes epithelium and purple denotes mesenchyme. Tbx4 and Tbx5 interact with each other and act upstream of the Fgf10 signaling pathway. Decrease in Tbx4 and Tbx5 affects mesenchymal Fgf10 expression and expression of its targets in the epithelium – Bmp4, Spry2 and Etv5 – but not the expression of the epithelial Fgf10 receptor Fgfr2. In addition to Fgf10 expression in the mesenchyme, Tbx4 and Tbx5 also control the expression of an unknown factor(s) (X) that is essential for activation of the Fgf10 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Tbx4 and Tbx5 act upstream of Wnt2 in the mesenchyme.
  • C - In the trachea and the main stem bronchi Tbx4 and Tbx5 either control Sox9 expression, which in turn regulates cartilage condensation, or Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate another factor (X) essential for chondrogenesis secondarily affecting Sox9 expression.

(Text from figure legend)

Links: Respiratory System Development

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>22174793</pubmed>| PMC3235105 | PLoS One.
  2. <pubmed>22371266</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>20386744</pubmed>| PLoS Genet.
  4. <pubmed>22876201</pubmed>| PLoS Genet.

Search Bookshelf Tbx

Reviews

<pubmed>17506689</pubmed> <pubmed>10197584</pubmed>

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Developmental Signals - Tbx. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Tbx

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G