Developmental Signals - Sox: Difference between revisions

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Embryology - 18 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Mouse (E10.5) Sox10 expression^[1]

The SRY (480000) and SOX proteins share a DNA-binding domain known as the HMG box, defined by a 79-amino acid region. All SOX proteins have a single HMG box and bind linear DNA in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in the bending of DNA through large angles. Bending causes the DNA helix to open for some distance, which may affect binding and interactions of other transcription factors. SOX1, SOX2 (184429), and SOX3 (313430) show the closest homology to SRY. They share maximum homology within the HMG domain and are expressed mainly in the developing nervous system of the mouse (Collignon et al., 1996). These genes share significant homology outside the HMG box also and are highly conserved throughout their evolution.

Sox2 is first expressed in very early (morula, blastocyst) development, and has also been identified as one of the 4 "Yamanaka Factors" required to generate an induced pluripotential stem cell (iPS cell). It also forms a trimeric complex with OCT4, yet another "Yamanaka Factor".

Mammals have 20 different SOX proteins that can be subdivided into 8 groups: A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, H.

Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

Long-term expandable SOX9+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from human pluripotent stem cells^[2] "Here we report the successful generation and long-term expansion of SOX9-expressing CD271(+)PDGFRα(+)CD73(+) chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from the PAX3/SOX10/FOXD3-expressing MIXL1(-)CD271(hi)PDGFRα(lo)CD73(-) neural crest-like progeny of human pluripotent stem cells in a chemically defined medium supplemented with Nodal/Activin/transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) inhibitor and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). When "primed" with TGFβ, such cells efficiently formed translucent cartilage particles, which were completely mineralized in 12 weeks in immunocompromized mice." Cartilage Development
Just how conserved is vertebrate sex determination?^[3] "Sex determination in vertebrate embryos has long been equated with gonadal differentiation into testes or ovaries. This view has been challenged over the years by reports of somatic sexual dimorphisms pre-dating gonadal sex differentiation. ...We illustrate these differences by comparing key sex genes in fishes versus birds and mammals, with emphasis on DM domain genes, the SOX-9AMH pathway in the testis and the FOXL2-Aromatase pathway in the ovary. Such comparisons facilitate the identification of ancient versus derived genes involved in gonadal sex determination. The data indicate that vertebrate sex-determining cascades are not as conserved as once thought."
Sox2 is essential for formation of trophectoderm in the preimplantation embryo^[4] "In preimplantation mammalian development the transcription factor Sox2 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 2) forms a complex with Oct4 and functions in maintenance of self-renewal of the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM). ...We conclude that the first essential function of Sox2 in the preimplantation mouse embryo is to facilitate establishment of the trophectoderm lineage. Our findings provide a novel insight into the first differentiation event within the preimplantation embryo, namely the segregation of the ICM and TE lineages."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Sox Expression <pubmed limit=5>Sox Expression</pubmed>

Early Mouse Expression

Limb Expression

Sox9 expression in E12.5 wild-type mouse embryonic forelimb.^[5]

Function

Respiratory Development

Sox2

regulates patterning of the anterior foregut into ventral (trachea) and dorsal (esophagus) fates
endoderm expression during formation of foregut derivatives
declines in regions undergoing lung bud morphogenesis
declines in ventral region generating the trachea

Links: Respiratory System Development | StemBook - Specification and patterning of the respiratory system

Rib Development

Sox9 expression in the Mouse (E12.5) rib primordial.^[6]

Signaling Pathway

SOX Developmental Signaling Pathways^[7]

OMIM

Sox 1
Sox 9

About OMIM "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man OMIM is a comprehensive, authoritative, and timely compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. It is updated daily, and the entries contain copious links to other genetics resources." OMIM

References

↑ <pubmed>20704721</pubmed>| BMC Dev Biol.
↑ <pubmed>25818812</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>23390004</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>21103067</pubmed>| PMC2980489 | PLoS One.
↑ <pubmed>17194222</pubmed>| PMC1713256 | PLoS Genet.
↑ <pubmed>23236180</pubmed>| PMC3535641 | PNAS
↑ <pubmed>25594027</pubmed>| Oncoscience

Reviews

Search PubMed: Sox

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Developmental Signals - Sox. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Sox

What Links Here?

[1] <pubmed>20704721</pubmed>| BMC Dev Biol.

[PMID25818812-2] <pubmed>25818812</pubmed>

[PMID23390004-3] <pubmed>23390004</pubmed>

[PMID21103067-4] <pubmed>21103067</pubmed>| PMC2980489 | PLoS One.

[5] <pubmed>17194222</pubmed>| PMC1713256 | PLoS Genet.

[PMID23236180-6] <pubmed>23236180</pubmed>| PMC3535641 | PNAS

[7] <pubmed>25594027</pubmed>| Oncoscience

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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+* '''Long-term expandable SOX9+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from human pluripotent stem cells'''<ref name=PMID25818812><pubmed>25818812</pubmed></ref> "Here we report the successful generation and long-term expansion of SOX9-expressing CD271(+)PDGFRα(+)CD73(+) chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from the PAX3/SOX10/FOXD3-expressing MIXL1(-)CD271(hi)PDGFRα(lo)CD73(-) neural crest-like progeny of human pluripotent stem cells in a chemically defined medium supplemented with Nodal/Activin/transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) inhibitor and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). When "primed" with TGFβ, such cells efficiently formed translucent cartilage particles, which were completely mineralized in 12 weeks in immunocompromized mice." [[Musculoskeletal System - Cartilage Development|Cartilage Development]]
 * '''Just how conserved is vertebrate sex determination?'''<ref name="PMID23390004"><pubmed>23390004</pubmed></ref> "Sex determination in vertebrate embryos has long been equated with gonadal differentiation into testes or ovaries. This view has been challenged over the years by reports of somatic sexual dimorphisms pre-dating gonadal sex differentiation. ...We illustrate these differences by comparing key sex genes in fishes versus birds and mammals, with emphasis on DM domain genes, the SOX-9AMH pathway in the testis and the FOXL2-Aromatase pathway in the ovary. Such comparisons facilitate the identification of ancient versus derived genes involved in gonadal sex determination. The data indicate that vertebrate sex-determining cascades are not as conserved as once thought."
 * '''Sox2 is essential for formation of trophectoderm in the preimplantation embryo'''<ref name="PMID21103067"><pubmed>21103067</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2980489 PMC2980489] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013952 PLoS One.]</ref> "In preimplantation mammalian development the transcription factor Sox2 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 2) forms a complex with Oct4 and functions in maintenance of self-renewal of the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM). ...We conclude that the first essential function of Sox2 in the preimplantation mouse embryo is to facilitate establishment of the trophectoderm lineage. Our findings provide a novel insight into the first differentiation event within the preimplantation embryo, namely the segregation of the ICM and TE lineages."
@@ Line 70: / Line 71: @@
 ==OMIM==
 * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/602148 Sox 1]
+* [http://omim.org/entry/608160 Sox 9]
+{{About_OMIM}}
-{{Template:About_OMIM}}
 ==References==