Developmental Signals - Homeobox
Embryology - 18 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The family of homeobox (Hox) proteins has been a focus of research for over 30 years. In humans, the homeobox gene family contains about 235 functional genes and 65 pseudogenes. This family of genes were also the basis of the embryo patterning studies that led to the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995. We now know that in addition to whole embryo axes patterning, this family of genes has many roles in establishing pattern throughout the embryo in different tissues and organs.
There has recently been a revival of an earlier theory[2] that Hox expression during vertebrate pattern formation is linked to the process of segmentation of paraxial mesoderm during somitogenesis.[3]
This signalling pathway has also been implicated in many developmental abnormalities and diseases.
Fly wild-type head{{pmid:108157|PMID108157}} | Fly antennapedia head{{pmid:108157|PMID108157}} |
Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Hox | antennapedia |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Classification
Proposed Hox protein classification[1] |
Human Hox
Chromosomal Distribution of Human Homeobox Genes[13]
Functions
Developmental patterning signal.
Neural
Segmentation
Hindbrain neural crest migration and Hox expression pattern[14]
Legend
Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Neuroscience[14], copyright (2007) |
Phrenic Motor Neurons
Hox5 (Hoxa5 and Hoxc5) required for phrenic motor column (PMC) development that form the respiratory motor neurons driving the diaphragm for respiration.[15]
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral element ossification between species.[16] |
Chicken model of Hox in paraxial mesoderm precursors in the epiblast/tail-bud during axis elongation[17] |
- Links: Somitogenesis | Axial Skeleton Development
Limb
Mouse Limb Patterning Fgf and Hox Expression[18]
Fgf and Hox expression in E10.5 to 10.75 wild-type embryonic forelimb autopod, compared to future E14.5 digit arrangement.
Expression of Hoxa4, Hoxa9, Hoxa10, Hoxa11, Hoxa11 antisense (Hoxa11as), and Hoxa13 in E12.5 limb buds.[19]
- Links: Limb Development
Other
Signaling Pathway
Otx
Otx is a txanscription factor essential for the normal development of the brain, cerebellum, pineal gland, and eye.
OTX is a homeobox family gene related to a gene expressed in the developing Drosophila head termed 'orthodenticle.' OTX transcription factors bind with high affinity to TAATCC/T elements on DNA.
- Links: Pineal | Vision | PubMed - Otx
Additional Images
Hoxa3 Mouse E8.5
Hoxa3 Mouse E9.5
Hoxa3 Mouse E10.5
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hueber SD, Weiller GF, Djordjevic MA & Frickey T. (2010). Improving Hox protein classification across the major model organisms. PLoS ONE , 5, e10820. PMID: 20520839 DOI.
- ↑ Meinhardt H. Models For Biological Pattern Formation. Academic Press; 1982.
- ↑ Gu S, Gu W, Shou J, Xiong J, Liu X, Sun B, Yang D & Xie R. (2017). The Molecular Feature of HOX Gene Family in the Intramedullary Spinal Tumors. Spine , 42, 291-297. PMID: 25785959 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Coulombe Y, Lemieux M, Moreau J, Aubin J, Joksimovic M, Bérubé-Simard FA, Tabariès S, Boucherat O, Guillou F, Larochelle C, Tuggle CK & Jeannotte L. (2010). Multiple promoters and alternative splicing: Hoxa5 transcriptional complexity in the mouse embryo. PLoS ONE , 5, e10600. PMID: 20485555 DOI.
- ↑ Gordon J. (2018). Hox genes in the pharyngeal region: how Hoxa3 controls early embryonic development of the pharyngeal organs. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 62, 775-783. PMID: 30604847 DOI.
- ↑ Acemel RD, Tena JJ, Irastorza-Azcarate I, Marlétaz F, Gómez-Marín C, de la Calle-Mustienes E, Bertrand S, Diaz SG, Aldea D, Aury JM, Mangenot S, Holland PW, Devos DP, Maeso I, Escrivá H & Gómez-Skarmeta JL. (2016). A single three-dimensional chromatin compartment in amphioxus indicates a stepwise evolution of vertebrate Hox bimodal regulation. Nat. Genet. , 48, 336-41. PMID: 26829752 DOI.
- ↑ Hench J, Henriksson J, Abou-Zied AM, Lüppert M, Dethlefsen J, Mukherjee K, Tong YG, Tang L, Gangishetti U, Baillie DL & Bürglin TR. (2015). The Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Insights into Their Spatio-Temporal Expression Dynamics during Embryogenesis. PLoS ONE , 10, e0126947. PMID: 26024448 DOI.
- ↑ Parker HJ, Bronner ME & Krumlauf R. (2014). A Hox regulatory network of hindbrain segmentation is conserved to the base of vertebrates. Nature , 514, 490-3. PMID: 25219855 DOI.
- ↑ Zigman M, Laumann-Lipp N, Titus T, Postlethwait J & Moens CB. (2014). Hoxb1b controls oriented cell division, cell shape and microtubule dynamics in neural tube morphogenesis. Development , 141, 639-49. PMID: 24449840 DOI.
- ↑ Natale A, Sims C, Chiusano ML, Amoroso A, D'Aniello E, Fucci L, Krumlauf R, Branno M & Locascio A. (2011). Evolution of anterior Hox regulatory elements among chordates. BMC Evol. Biol. , 11, 330. PMID: 22085760 DOI.
- ↑ Yallowitz AR, Hrycaj SM, Short KM, Smyth IM & Wellik DM. (2011). Hox10 genes function in kidney development in the differentiation and integration of the cortical stroma. PLoS ONE , 6, e23410. PMID: 21858105 DOI.
- ↑ Zhang Y, Huang Q, Cheng JC, Nishi Y, Yanase T, Huang HF & Leung PC. (2010). Homeobox A7 increases cell proliferation by up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human granulosa cells. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. , 8, 61. PMID: 20540809 DOI.
- ↑ Holland PW, Booth HA & Bruford EA. (2007). Classification and nomenclature of all human homeobox genes. BMC Biol. , 5, 47. PMID: 17963489 DOI.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Guthrie S. (2007). Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , 8, 859-71. PMID: 17948031 DOI.
- ↑ Philippidou P, Walsh CM, Aubin J, Jeannotte L & Dasen JS. (2012). Sustained Hox5 gene activity is required for respiratory motor neuron development. Nat. Neurosci. , 15, 1636-44. PMID: 23103965 DOI.
- ↑ Hautier L, Weisbecker V, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Goswami A & Asher RJ. (2010). Skeletal development in sloths and the evolution of mammalian vertebral patterning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 18903-8. PMID: 20956304 DOI.
- ↑ Denans N, Iimura T & Pourquié O. (2015). Hox genes control vertebrate body elongation by collinear Wnt repression. Elife , 4, . PMID: 25719209 DOI.
- ↑ Galli A, Robay D, Osterwalder M, Bao X, Bénazet JD, Tariq M, Paro R, Mackem S & Zeller R. (2010). Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development. PLoS Genet. , 6, e1000901. PMID: 20386744 DOI.
- ↑ Woltering JM, Noordermeer D, Leleu M & Duboule D. (2014). Conservation and divergence of regulatory strategies at Hox Loci and the origin of tetrapod digits. PLoS Biol. , 12, e1001773. PMID: 24465181 DOI.
Reviews
Mallo M, Wellik DM & Deschamps J. (2010). Hox genes and regional patterning of the vertebrate body plan. Dev. Biol. , 344, 7-15. PMID: 20435029 DOI.
Narita Y & Rijli FM. (2009). Hox genes in neural patterning and circuit formation in the mouse hindbrain. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , 88, 139-67. PMID: 19651304 DOI.
Deschamps J & van Nes J. (2005). Developmental regulation of the Hox genes during axial morphogenesis in the mouse. Development , 132, 2931-42. PMID: 15944185 DOI.
Schilling TF & Knight RD. (2001). Origins of anteroposterior patterning and Hox gene regulation during chordate evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. , 356, 1599-613. PMID: 11604126 DOI.
Articles
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Developmental Signals - Homeobox. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Homeobox
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