Developmental Signals - Homeobox: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Proposed_Hox_protein_classification.jpg|thumb|alt=Proposed Hox protein classification|Proposed Hox protein classification<ref name="PMID20520839"><pubmed>20520839</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010820 PLoS One]</ref>]] | [[File:Proposed_Hox_protein_classification.jpg|thumb|alt=Proposed Hox protein classification|Proposed Hox protein classification<ref name="PMID20520839"><pubmed>20520839</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010820 PLoS One]</ref>]] | ||
The family of homeobox (Hox) proteins has been a focus of research for over 30 years. This family of genes were also the basis of the embryo patterning studies that led to the [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995]. We now know that in addition to whole embryo axes patterning, this family of genes has many roles in establishing pattern throughout the embryo in different tissues and organs. | The family of homeobox (Hox) proteins has been a focus of research for over 30 years. In humans, the homeobox gene family contains about 235 functional genes and 65 pseudogenes. This family of genes were also the basis of the embryo patterning studies that led to the [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995]. We now know that in addition to whole embryo axes patterning, this family of genes has many roles in establishing pattern throughout the embryo in different tissues and organs. | ||
There has recently been a revival of an earlier theory<ref>Meinhardt H. '''Models For Biological Pattern Formation'''. Academic Press; 1982.</ref> that Hox expression during vertebrate pattern formation is linked to the process of segmentation of paraxial mesoderm during [[Somitogenesis|somitogenesis]].<ref name="PMID25785959"><pubmed>25785959</pubmed></ref> | There has recently been a revival of an earlier theory<ref>Meinhardt H. '''Models For Biological Pattern Formation'''. Academic Press; 1982.</ref> that Hox expression during vertebrate pattern formation is linked to the process of segmentation of paraxial mesoderm during [[Somitogenesis|somitogenesis]].<ref name="PMID25785959"><pubmed>25785959</pubmed></ref> | ||
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'''Search Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=hox hox] | '''Search Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=hox hox] | ||
'''Search Pubmed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hox ''Hox''] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Homeobox ''Homeobox''] | '''Search Pubmed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hox ''Hox''] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Homeobox ''Homeobox''] | ||
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* '''Nobel Prize''' - [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995 Medicine 1995] | * '''Nobel Prize''' - [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995 Medicine 1995] | ||
* '''OMIM''' - [http://omim.org/entry/600725 SONIC HEDGEHOG] | * '''OMIM''' - [http://omim.org/entry/600725 SONIC HEDGEHOG] | ||
* [https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genefamily/homeoboxes Genetics Home Reference] | |||
Revision as of 09:58, 14 October 2016
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Introduction
The family of homeobox (Hox) proteins has been a focus of research for over 30 years. In humans, the homeobox gene family contains about 235 functional genes and 65 pseudogenes. This family of genes were also the basis of the embryo patterning studies that led to the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995. We now know that in addition to whole embryo axes patterning, this family of genes has many roles in establishing pattern throughout the embryo in different tissues and organs.
There has recently been a revival of an earlier theory[2] that Hox expression during vertebrate pattern formation is linked to the process of segmentation of paraxial mesoderm during somitogenesis.[3]
This signalling pathway has also been implicated in many developmental abnormalities and diseases.
Fly wild-type head | Fly antennapedia head |
Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Hox <pubmed limit=5>Hox</pubmed> |
Older papers |
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Classification
Proposed Hox protein classification[1] |
Human Hox
Chromosomal Distribution of Human Homeobox Genes[12]
Functions
Developmental patterning signal.
Neural
Segmentation
Hindbrain neural crest migration and Hox expression pattern[13]
Legend
Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Neuroscience (<pubmed>17948031</pubmed>), copyright (2007) |
Phrenic Motor Neurons
Hox5 (Hoxa5 and Hoxc5) required for phrenic motor column (PMC) development that form the respiratory motor neurons driving the diaphragm for respiration.[14]
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral element ossification between species.[15] |
Chicken model of Hox in paraxial mesoderm precursors in the epiblast/tail-bud during axis elongation[16] |
- Links: Somitogenesis | Axial Skeleton Development
Limb
Mouse Limb Patterning Fgf and Hox Expression[17]
Fgf and Hox expression in E10.5 to 10.75 wild-type embryonic forelimb autopod, compared to future E14.5 digit arrangement.
Expression of Hoxa4, Hoxa9, Hoxa10, Hoxa11, Hoxa11 antisense (Hoxa11as), and Hoxa13 in E12.5 limb buds.[18]
- Links: Limb Development
Other
Signaling Pathway
Otx
Otx is a txanscription factor essential for the normal development of the brain, cerebellum, pineal gland, and eye.
OTX is a homeobox family gene related to a gene expressed in the developing Drosophila head termed 'orthodenticle.' OTX transcription factors bind with high affinity to TAATCC/T elements on DNA.
- Links: Pineal | Vision | PubMed - Otx
Additional Images
Hoxa3 Mouse E8.5
Hoxa3 Mouse E9.5
Hoxa3 Mouse E10.5
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 <pubmed>20520839</pubmed>| PLoS One
- ↑ Meinhardt H. Models For Biological Pattern Formation. Academic Press; 1982.
- ↑ <pubmed>25785959</pubmed>
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 <pubmed>20485555</pubmed>| PLoS One
- ↑ <pubmed>26829752</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>26024448</pubmed>| PLoS One.
- ↑ <pubmed>25219855</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24449840</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22085760</pubmed>
- ↑ Yallowitz AR, Hrycaj SM, Short KM, Smyth IM, Wellik DM (2011) Hox10 Genes Function in Kidney Development in the Differentiation and Integration of the Cortical Stroma. PLoS ONE 6(8): e23410. PMID 21858105 PloS One
- ↑ <pubmed>20540809</pubmed>| Reprod Biol Endocrinol.
- ↑ <pubmed>17963489</pubmed>| BMC Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>17948031</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23103965/pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20956304</pubmed>| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
- ↑ <pubmed>25719209</pubmed>| Elife.
- ↑ <pubmed>20386744</pubmed>| PMC2851570 | PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>24465181</pubmed>| PLoS Biol.
Reviews
<pubmed>20435029</pubmed> <pubmed>19651304</pubmed> <pubmed>15944185</pubmed> <pubmed>11604126</pubmed>
Articles
Search Pubmed
Search Bookshelf hox
Search Pubmed Now: Hox Homeobox
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Nobel Prize - Medicine 1995
- OMIM - SONIC HEDGEHOG
- Genetics Home Reference
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Developmental Signals - Homeobox. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Homeobox
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G