Developmental Signals - Fox: Difference between revisions

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Introduction

A protein transcription factor belonging to the evolutionarily conserved forkhead box (FOX) superfamily.

Draft page.

Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

Role of forkhead box gene family in bone metabolism^[1] "Bone metabolism is associated with many bone diseases and regulated by multiple signal pathways. Over the past three decades, the functions of a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators, known as forkhead box (Fox) family, has been demonstrated to contribute to the bone metabolism. Genetic analysis studies have demonstrated that Fox gene family participate in bone metabolism and that their expression can be regulated by multiple factors. The deregulation of Fox gene family can lead to a series of bone metabolic diseases. In this manuscript, we sketched the biology of the Foxs family, summarized its function of regulating bone metabolism and maintaining bone homeostasis to estimate its potential therapeutic effects in bone diseases, and suggested directions for future exploration in this important field."

Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila^[2] "FOXP proteins form a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors involved in the development and functioning of several tissues, including the central nervous system. In humans, mutations in FOXP1 and FOXP2 have been implicated in cognitive deficits including intellectual disability and speech disorders. Drosophila exhibits a single ortholog, called FoxP, but due to a lack of characterized mutants, our understanding of the gene remains poor. Here we show that the dimerization property required for mammalian FOXP function is conserved in Drosophila. In flies, FoxP is enriched in the adult brain, showing strong expression in ~1000 neurons of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic nature. We generate Drosophila loss-of-function mutants and UAS-FoxP transgenic lines for ectopic expression, and use them to characterize FoxP function in the nervous system. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that Drosophila FoxP is required in larvae for synaptic morphogenesis at axonal terminals of the neuromuscular junction and for dendrite development of dorsal multidendritic sensory neurons. In the developing brain, we find that FoxP plays important roles in α-lobe mushroom body formation. Finally, at a behavioral level, we show that Drosophila FoxP is important for locomotion, habituation learning and social space behavior of adult flies. Our work shows that Drosophila FoxP is important for regulating several neurodevelopmental processes and behaviors that are related to human disease or vertebrate disease model phenotypes. This suggests a high degree of functional conservation with vertebrate FOXP orthologues and established flies as a model system for understanding FOXP related pathologies."

Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract^[3] "We have studied the ontogeny of the developing human Male and Female urogenital tracts from 9 weeks (indifferent stage) to 16 weeks (advanced sex differentiation) of gestation by immunohistochemistry on mid-sagittal sections. Sixteen human fetal pelvises were serial sectioned in the sagittal plane and stained with antibodies to epithelial, muscle, nerve, proliferation and hormone receptor markers. Key findings are: (1) The corpus cavernosum in males and females extends into the glans penis and clitoris, respectively, during the ambisexual stage (9 weeks) and thus appears to be an androgen-independent event. (2) The entire human male (and female) urethra is endodermal in origin based on the presence of FOXA1, KRT 7, uroplakin, and the absence of KRT10 staining. The endoderm of the urethra interfaces with ectodermal epidermis at the site of the urethral meatus. (3) The surface epithelium of the verumontanum is endodermal in origin (FOXA1-positive) with a possible contribution of Pax2-positive epithelial cells implying additional input from the Wolffian duct epithelium. (4) Prostatic ducts arise from the endodermal (FOXA1-positive) urogenital sinus epithelium near the verumontanum. (5) Immunohistochemical staining of mid-sagittal and para-sagittal sections revealed the external anal sphincter, levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle and the anatomic relationships between these developing skeletal muscles and organs of the Male and Female reproductive tracts."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Fox

Older papers
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table. See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. Tbx1 is regulated by forkhead proteins in the secondary heart field.^[4] "Transcriptional regulation in a tissue-specific and quantitative manner is essential for developmental events, including those involved in cardiovascular morphogenesis. Tbx1 is a T-box-containing transcription factor that is responsible for many of the defects observed in 22q11 deletion syndrome in humans. Tbx1 is expressed in the secondary heart field (SHF) and is essential for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development....These results suggest that Fox proteins are involved in most, if not all, Tbx1 expression domains and that Tbx1 marks a subset of SHF-derived cells, particularly those that uniquely contribute to the right-sided outflow tract and proximal pulmonary artery." (More? TBX \| cardiovascular )

Transcription Factor

Abnormalities

Associated with defects in each Fox protein or their signaling pathway.

References

↑ Huang J, Shen G, Ren H, Zhang Z, Yu X, Zhao W, Shang Q, Cui J, Yu P, Peng J, Liang Z, Yang X & Jiang. (2020). Role of forkhead box gene family in bone metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol. , 235, 1986-1994. PMID: 31549399 DOI.
↑ Castells-Nobau A, Eidhof I, Fenckova M, Brenman-Suttner DB, Scheffer-de Gooyert JM, Christine S, Schellevis RL, van der Laan K, Quentin C, van Ninhuijs L, Hofmann F, Ejsmont R, Fisher SE, Kramer JM, Sigrist SJ, Simon AF & Schenck A. (2019). Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila. PLoS ONE , 14, e0211652. PMID: 30753188 DOI.
↑ Shen J, Isaacson D, Cao M, Sinclair A, Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract. Differentiation , 103, 100-119. PMID: 30287094 DOI.
↑ Maeda J, Yamagishi H, McAnally J, Yamagishi C & Srivastava D. (2006). Tbx1 is regulated by forkhead proteins in the secondary heart field. Dev. Dyn. , 235, 701-10. PMID: 16444712 DOI.

Search Bookshelf Fox

Reviews

Golson ML & Kaestner KH. (2016). Fox transcription factors: from development to disease. Development , 143, 4558-4570. PMID: 27965437 DOI.

Ramezani A, Nikravesh H & Faghihloo E. (2019). The roles of FOX proteins in virus-associated cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. , 234, 3347-3361. PMID: 30362516 DOI.

Fortin J, Ongaro L, Li Y, Tran S, Lamba P, Wang Y, Zhou X & Bernard DJ. (2015). Minireview: Activin Signaling in Gonadotropes: What Does the FOX say… to the SMAD?. Mol. Endocrinol. , 29, 963-77. PMID: 25942106 DOI.

Thackray VG. (2014). Fox tales: regulation of gonadotropin gene expression by forkhead transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 385, 62-70. PMID: 24099863 DOI.

Articles

Search Pubmed

Search Pubmed Now: Fox

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Developmental Signals - Fox. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Fox

What Links Here?

[PMID31549399-1] Huang J, Shen G, Ren H, Zhang Z, Yu X, Zhao W, Shang Q, Cui J, Yu P, Peng J, Liang Z, Yang X & Jiang. (2020). Role of forkhead box gene family in bone metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol. , 235, 1986-1994. PMID: 31549399 DOI.

[PMID30753188-2] Castells-Nobau A, Eidhof I, Fenckova M, Brenman-Suttner DB, Scheffer-de Gooyert JM, Christine S, Schellevis RL, van der Laan K, Quentin C, van Ninhuijs L, Hofmann F, Ejsmont R, Fisher SE, Kramer JM, Sigrist SJ, Simon AF & Schenck A. (2019). Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila. PLoS ONE , 14, e0211652. PMID: 30753188 DOI.

[PMID30287094-3] Shen J, Isaacson D, Cao M, Sinclair A, Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract. Differentiation , 103, 100-119. PMID: 30287094 DOI.

[PMID16444712-4] Maeda J, Yamagishi H, McAnally J, Yamagishi C & Srivastava D. (2006). Tbx1 is regulated by forkhead proteins in the secondary heart field. Dev. Dyn. , 235, 701-10. PMID: 16444712 DOI.

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 * '''Role of forkhead box gene family in bone metabolism'''{{#pmid:31549399|PMID31549399}} "Bone metabolism is associated with many bone diseases and regulated by multiple signal pathways. Over the past three decades, the functions of a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators, known as forkhead box (Fox) family, has been demonstrated to contribute to the bone metabolism. Genetic analysis studies have demonstrated that Fox gene family participate in bone metabolism and that their expression can be regulated by multiple factors. The deregulation of Fox gene family can lead to a series of bone metabolic diseases. In this manuscript, we sketched the biology of the Foxs family, summarized its function of regulating bone metabolism and maintaining bone homeostasis to estimate its potential therapeutic effects in bone diseases, and suggested directions for future exploration in this important field."
+* '''Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila'''{{#pmid:30753188|PMID30753188}} "FOXP proteins form a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors involved in the development and functioning of several tissues, including the central nervous system. In humans, mutations in FOXP1 and FOXP2 have been implicated in cognitive deficits including intellectual disability and speech disorders. Drosophila exhibits a single ortholog, called FoxP, but due to a lack of characterized mutants, our understanding of the gene remains poor. Here we show that the dimerization property required for mammalian FOXP function is conserved in Drosophila. In flies, FoxP is enriched in the adult brain, showing strong expression in ~1000 neurons of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic nature. We generate Drosophila loss-of-function mutants and UAS-FoxP transgenic lines for ectopic expression, and use them to characterize FoxP function in the nervous system. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that Drosophila FoxP is required in larvae for synaptic morphogenesis at axonal terminals of the neuromuscular junction and for dendrite development of dorsal multidendritic sensory neurons. In the developing brain, we find that FoxP plays important roles in α-lobe mushroom body formation. Finally, at a behavioral level, we show that Drosophila FoxP is important for locomotion, habituation learning and social space behavior of adult flies. Our work shows that Drosophila FoxP is important for regulating several neurodevelopmental processes and behaviors that are related to human disease or vertebrate disease model phenotypes. This suggests a high degree of functional conservation with vertebrate FOXP orthologues and established flies as a model system for understanding FOXP related pathologies."
 * '''Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract'''{{#pmid:30287094|PMID30287094}} "We have studied the ontogeny of the developing human {{male}} and {{female}} urogenital tracts from 9 weeks (indifferent stage) to 16 weeks (advanced sex differentiation) of gestation by immunohistochemistry on mid-sagittal sections. Sixteen human fetal pelvises were serial sectioned in the sagittal plane and stained with antibodies to epithelial, muscle, nerve, proliferation and hormone receptor markers. Key findings are: (1) The corpus cavernosum in males and females extends into the glans penis and clitoris, respectively, during the ambisexual stage (9 weeks) and thus appears to be an androgen-independent event. (2) The entire human male (and female) urethra is endodermal in origin based on the presence of {{FOX}}A1, KRT 7, uroplakin, and the absence of KRT10 staining. The endoderm of the urethra interfaces with ectodermal epidermis at the site of the urethral meatus. (3) The surface epithelium of the verumontanum is {{endoderm}}al in origin (FOXA1-positive) with a possible contribution of Pax2-positive epithelial cells implying additional input from the Wolffian duct epithelium. (4) Prostatic ducts arise from the endodermal (FOXA1-positive) urogenital sinus epithelium near the verumontanum. (5) Immunohistochemical staining of mid-sagittal and para-sagittal sections revealed the external anal sphincter, levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle and the anatomic relationships between these developing skeletal muscles and organs of the {{male}} and {{female}} reproductive tracts."