Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor

From Embryology
Embryology - 19 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Introduction

Fgf gene family evolution[1]
Mouse somitogenesis genes[2]

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF) were originally identified by their ability to stimulate fibroblast cell proliferation but have a role in a growing number of different tissues development and differentiation and continue to have a role in the adult.


The first two identified factors were originally given the nomenclature of acidic or basic. We now know there to be at least 22 different human FGFs (Fgf1–Fgf23). These protein growth factors are bound by 4 different cell membrane receptors (FGFR1-4). FGFRs belong to the tyrosine kinase receptor family.


The mammalian Fgf family can be divided into the intracellular Fgf11/12/13/14 subfamily (iFGFs), the endocrine hormone-like Fgf15/21/23 subfamily (hFGFs), and the paracrine canonical Fgf subfamilies, including Fgf1/2/5, Fgf3/4/6, Fgf7/10/22, Fgf8/17/18, and Fgf9/16/20.


Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Human FGF Family

Table - Human Fibroblast Growth Factor Family FGF
Approved
Symbol
Approved Name Previous
Symbols
Synonyms Chromosome
FGF1 fibroblast growth factor 1 FGFA "AFGF, ECGF, ECGFA, ECGFB, HBGF1, ECGF-beta, FGF-alpha, GLIO703" 5q31.3
FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 FGFB 4q28.1
FGF4 fibroblast growth factor 4 HSTF1 "K-FGF, HBGF-4, HST, HST-1, KFGF" 11q13.3
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5 4q21.21
FGF6 fibroblast growth factor 6 12p13.32
FGF7 fibroblast growth factor 7 KGF 15q21.2
FGF8 fibroblast growth factor 8 AIGF 10q24.32
FGF9 fibroblast growth factor 9 13q12.11
    Links: Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor | OMIM Fgf1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family


Human FGF Family  
Table - Human Fibroblast Growth Factor Family FGF
Approved
Symbol
Approved Name Previous
Symbols
Synonyms Chromosome
FGF1 fibroblast growth factor 1 FGFA "AFGF, ECGF, ECGFA, ECGFB, HBGF1, ECGF-beta, FGF-alpha, GLIO703" 5q31.3
FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 FGFB 4q28.1
FGF4 fibroblast growth factor 4 HSTF1 "K-FGF, HBGF-4, HST, HST-1, KFGF" 11q13.3
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5 4q21.21
FGF6 fibroblast growth factor 6 12p13.32
FGF7 fibroblast growth factor 7 KGF 15q21.2
FGF8 fibroblast growth factor 8 AIGF 10q24.32
FGF9 fibroblast growth factor 9 13q12.11
    Links: Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor | OMIM Fgf1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family

Protein Properties

Human FGF

  • ~150–300 amino acids
  • have a conserved ~120-residue core with ~30–60% identity

Some Recent Findings

  • ERK Activity Dynamics during zebrafish Embryonic Development[3] "During vertebrate development, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is activated by growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and it regulates the formation of tissues/organs including eyes, brains, somites, limbs, and inner ears. However, an experimental system to monitor ERK activity dynamics in the entire body of the vertebrate embryo is lacking. We recently studied ERK activity dynamics in the pre-somitic mesoderm of living zebrafish embryos injected with mRNAs encoding a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ERK biosensor. ... A spatiotemporal map of ERK activity in the entire body during zebrafish embryogenesis was generated, and previously unidentified activation dynamics and ERK domains were identified."
  • BMP and FGF signaling interact to pattern mesoderm by controlling basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity[4] "The mesodermal germ layer is patterned into mediolateral subtypes by signaling factors including BMP and FGF. How these pathways are integrated to induce specific mediolateral cell fates is not well understood. We used mesoderm derived from post-gastrulation neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), which undergo a binary mediolateral patterning decision, as a simplified model to understand how FGF acts together with BMP to impart mediolateral fate. Using zebrafish and mouse NMPs, we identify an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of BMP and FGF mediated mediolateral mesodermal patterning that occurs through modulation of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor activity. BMP imparts lateral fate through induction of Id helix loop helix (HLH) proteins, which antagonize bHLH transcription factors, induced by FGF signaling, that specify medial fate. We extend our analysis of zebrafish development to show that bHLH activity is responsible for the mediolateral patterning of the entire mesodermal germ layer."
  • A review of FGF signaling in palate development[5] "The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play a critical role during palatogenesis by mediating a variety of cellular responses. Extensive epidemiological and genetic studies over several decades in humans have revealed members of the FGF family function as candidate genes for syndromic and nonsyndromic cleft lip and cleft palate. The findings that FGFs signaling work delicately in the development of palate have been confirmed in mice carrying targeted mutations. Here we try to review recent progress toward a detailed understanding of FGF signaling including FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGF10, FGF18 and their receptors FGFR1, FGFR2 in palate development studies and discuss how they interact with other factors on the basis of animal studies regarding cleft palate." palate
  • FGF8 morphogen gradients are differentially regulated by heparan sulphotransferases Hs2st and Hs6st1 in the developing brain[6] "Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) morphogen signalling through the evolutionarily ancient extracellular signalling-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway recurs in many neural and non-neural developmental contexts, and understanding the mechanisms that regulate FGF/ERK function are correspondingly important. The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) binds to FGFs and exists in an enormous number of differentially sulphated forms produced by the action of HS modifying enzymes, and so has the potential to present an extremely large amount of information in FGF/ERK signalling. ...We discover that two different HS modifying enzymes, Hs2st and Hs6st1, indeed differentially modulate the properties of emerging Fgf8 protein concentration gradients and the Erk signalling output in response to Fgf8 in living tissue in ex vivo cultures. Both Hs2st and Hs6st1 are required for stable Fgf8 gradients to form as rapidly as they do in wild-type tissue while only Hs6st1 has a significant effect on suppressing the levels of Fgf8 protein in the gradient compared to wild type. Next we show that Hs2st and Hs6st1 act to antagonise and agonise the Erk signalling in response to Fgf8 protein, respectively, in ex vivo cultures of living tissue. Examination of endogenous Fgf8 protein and Erk signalling outputs in Hs2st-/- and Hs6st1-/- embryos suggests that our ex vivo findings have physiological relevance in vivo Our discovery identifies a new class of mechanism to tune Fgf8 function by regulated expression of Hs2st and Hs6st1 that is likely to have broader application to the >200 other signalling proteins that interact with HS and their function in neural development and disease."
More recent papers  
Mark Hill.jpg
PubMed logo.gif

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.

  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Fibroblast Growth Factor | FGF | ERK

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

  • Review - The Multiple Roles of FGF Signaling in the Developing Spinal Cord[7] "During vertebrate embryonic development, the spinal cord is formed by the neural derivatives of a neuromesodermal population that is specified at early stages of development and which develops in concert with the caudal regression of the primitive streak. Several processes related to spinal cord specification and maturation are coupled to this caudal extension including neurogenesis, ventral patterning and neural crest specification and all of them seem to be crucially regulated by Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling, which is prominently active in the neuromesodermal region and transiently in its derivatives. Here we review the role of FGF signaling in those processes, trying to separate its different functions and highlighting the interactions with other signaling pathways." spinal cord
  • FGF8 coordinates tissue elongation and cell epithelialization during early renal tubulogenesis[8] "When a tubular structure forms during early embryogenesis, tubular elongation and lumen formation (epithelialization) proceed simultaneously in a spatiotemporally coordinated manner. We here demonstrate, using the Wolffian duct (WD) of early chicken embryos, that this coordination is regulated by the expression of FGF8, which shifts posteriorly during body axis elongation. FGF8 acts as a chemoattractant on the leader cells of the elongating WD and prevents them from epithelialization, whereas static ('rear') cells that receive progressively less FGF8 undergo epithelialization to form a lumen. Thus, FGF8 acts as a binary switch that distinguishes tubular elongation from lumen formation. The posteriorly shifting FGF8 is also known to regulate somite segmentation, suggesting that multiple types of tissue morphogenesis are coordinately regulated by macroscopic changes in body growth." chicken | renal
  • Tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in development of the external genitalia[9] "Congenital anomalies frequently occur in organs that undergo tubulogenesis. Hypospadias is a urethral tube defect defined by mislocalized, oversized, or multiple openings of the penile urethra. Deletion of Fgfr2 or its ligand Fgf10 results in severe hypospadias in mice, in which the entire urethral plate is open along the ventral side of the penis. In the genital tubercle, the embryonic precursor of the penis and clitoris, Fgfr2 is expressed in two epithelial populations: the endodermally derived urethral epithelium and the ectodermally derived surface epithelium. Here, we investigate the tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in external genital development by generating conditional deletions of Fgfr2 in each of these cell types. These results demonstrate that urethral tubulogenesis, prepuce morphogenesis, and sexually dimorphic patterning of the lower urethra are controlled by discrete regions of Fgfr2 activity." genital
  • The precise timeline of transcriptional regulation reveals causation in mouse somitogenesis network[2] "In vertebrate development, the segmental pattern of the body axis is established as somites, masses of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube, are formed sequentially in the anterior-posterior axis. This mechanism depends on waves of gene expression associated with the Notch, Fgf and Wnt pathways."
  • Prolonged FGF signaling is necessary for lung and liver induction in Xenopus[10] "FGF signaling plays numerous roles during organogenesis of the embryonic gut tube. Mouse explant studies suggest that different thresholds of FGF signaling from the cardiogenic mesoderm induce lung, liver, and pancreas lineages from the ventral foregut progenitor cells. The mechanisms that regulate FGF dose in vivo are unknown. Here we use Xenopus embryos to examine the hypothesis that a prolonged duration of FGF signaling from the mesoderm is required to induce foregut organs....These results suggest that the liver and lungs are specified at progressively later times in development requiring mesoderm contact for different lengths of time. Our data suggest that this is achieved at least in part through prolonged FGF signaling. In addition to providing a foundation for further mechanistic studies on foregut organogenesis using the experimental advantages of the Xenopus system, these data have implications for the directed differentiation of stem cells into foregut lineages."
  • FGF-signaling gradient maintains symmetrical proliferative divisions of midbrain neuronal progenitors[11] "For the correct development of the central nervous system, the balance between self-renewing and differentiating divisions of the neuronal progenitors must be tightly regulated. To maintain their self-renewing identity, the progenitors need to retain both apical and basal interfaces. However, the identities of fate-determining signals which cells receive via these connections, and the exact mechanism of their action, are poorly understood. The conditional inactivation of Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors 1 and 2 in the embryonic mouse midbrain-hindbrain area results in premature neuronal differentiation. Here, we aim to elucidate the connection between FGF-signaling and neuronal progenitor maintenance. Our results reveal that the loss of FGF-signaling leads to downregulation of Hes1 and upregulation of Ngn2, Dll1, and p57 in the ventricular zone (VZ) cells, and that this increased neurogenesis occurs cell-autonomously. Yet the cell-cycle progression, apico-basal-polarity, cell-cell connections, and the positioning of mitotic spindle in the mutant VZ appear unaltered. Interestingly, FGF8-protein is highly concentrated in the basal lamina. Thus, FGFs may act through basal processes of neuronal progenitors to maintain their progenitor status. Indeed, midbrain neuronal progenitors deprived in vitro of FGFs switched from symmetrical proliferative towards symmetrical neurogenic divisions. We suggest that FGF-signaling in the midbrain VZ is cell-autonomously required for the maintenance of symmetrical proliferative divisions via Hes1-mediated repression of neurogenic genes."
  • Fgf8 morphogen gradient forms by a source-sink mechanism with freely diffusing molecules[12] "It is widely accepted that tissue differentiation and morphogenesis in multicellular organisms are regulated by tightly controlled concentration gradients of morphogens. How exactly these gradients are formed, however, remains unclear. Here we show that Fgf8 morphogen gradients in living zebrafish embryos are established and maintained by two essential factors: fast, free diffusion of single molecules away from the source through extracellular space, and a sink function of the receiving cells, regulated by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Evidence is provided by directly examining single molecules of Fgf8 in living tissue by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, quantifying their local mobility and concentration with high precision. By changing the degree of uptake of Fgf8 into its target cells, we are able to alter the shape of the Fgf8 gradient. Our results demonstrate that a freely diffusing morphogen can set up concentration gradients in a complex multicellular tissue by a simple source-sink mechanism."

Ectoderm

neural crest cell migration during early chicken embryo development[13]

"Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling acts as one of modulators that control neural crest cell (NCC) migration, but how this is achieved is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF signalling on NCC migration by blocking this process. Constructs that were capable of inducing Sprouty2 (Spry2) or dominant-negative FGFR1 (Dn-FGFR1) expression were transfected into the cells making up the neural tubes. Our results revealed that blocking FGF signalling at stage HH10 (neurulation stage) could enhance NCC migration at both the cranial and trunk levels in the developing embryos. It was established that FGF-mediated NCC migration was not due to altering the expression of N-cadherin in the neural tube. Instead, we determined that cyclin D1 was overexpressed in the cranial and trunk levels when Sprouty2 was upregulated in the dorsal neural tube. These results imply that the cell cycle was a target of FGF signalling through which it regulates NCC migration at the neurulation stage."

Endoderm

Chicken antero-posterior endoderm patterning cartoon

Chicken antero-posterior endoderm patterning[14]


Links: Endoderm | Chicken Development

Mesoderm

Model for Sprouty4 and FGF in mesoderm segmentation.jpg

A Putative Model for the role of Sprouty4 as a mediator that links the mouse segmentation clock to the gradient of FGF signaling.[15]

The FGF signaling may be periodically inhibited by Sprouty4, by which temporal periodicity of Notch segmentation clock may be translated to spatial periodicity of the array of somites.

  • In the PSM - FGF signaling establishes a posterior-to-anterior gradient, which is involved in the positioning of presumptive somite boundaries.
  • Cyclic Sprouty4
    • which is controlled by the Notch segmentation clock, the mechanism of which includes negative feedback loop of Hes7,
    • may inhibit the FGF signaling possibly around the anterior border of the FGF signaling positive area
    • where the FGF signaling is close to its threshold.
  • S - somite
  • PS - presumptive somite.


Links: somitogenesis | Axial Skeleton Development | Notch | FGF


Bone

FGF9 has been shown to induce endochondral ossification in cranial mesenchyme in the mouse model.[16]


Respiration

Mouse Respiratory Development Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling[17]

Lung Buds

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) expression in mesoderm required for initial lung buds, through FGFR2IIIb transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein.

Branching

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) form a feedback loop for branching

  • mesenchyme produced FGF10 signals to the distal epithelium to upregulate SHH expression.
  • SHH then feeds back to inhibit Fgf10 expression in the adjacent mesenchyme, dividing in two the Fgf10 expression domain.
  • new FGF10 signaling domains serve as two chemoattractant sources, leading to bifurcation of the epithelial tip.

Loop process mediated through FGF-activated transcription factor genes Etv4 and Etv5.[18]

Links: respiratory

Limb

FGF soaked beads (FGF-1, FGF-2 and FGF-4) are capable of inducing additional limbs in chicken embryos.[19] A later study[20] identified the endogenous signal as Fgf-8 from initially the intermediate mesoderm and then the prelimb field ectoderm for limb initiation and outgrowth, respectively.

Links: limb] | chicken

Hearing

  • fibroblast growth factor 1 - (Fgf-1) a growth factor released from cochlea sensory epithelium which stimulates spiral ganglion neurite branching.
  • fibroblast growth factor 8 - (Fgf-8) a growth factor released by inner hair cells which regulates pillar cell number, position and rate of development.
  • fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 - (Fgfr-3) a tyrosine kinase receptor with a role in the commitment, differentiation and position of pillar cells in the organ of corti
Links: hearing

Palate

Fibroblast growth factors are required during palatogenesis and are candidate genes for syndromic and nonsyndromic cleft lip and cleft palate, see the recent review.[5]

FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGF10, FGF18 and their receptors FGFR1, FGFR2

Links: palate | cleft palate

Abnormalities

  • FGFR1 mutation has been associated with the relatively milder form of Pfeiffer syndrome type 1.
  • FGFR2 and FGFR3 have been associated with the Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndromes.

FGF10

A recent mouse knock-out study has shown a single-gene deletion of Fgf10 can generate duodenal atresia in this animal model.[21]

Duodenal Atresia (Mouse Model)[21]
Duodenal atresia 03.jpg

(A) Normal gastric, pyloric, and duodenal morphology was demonstrated by wild type embryos.

Null Fgf10 embryos universally demonstrated microgastria, but duodenal morphology varied according to presence and type of DA. Null embryos provided examples of: normal continuity and morphology of the duodenum for tm1 (D) and tm2 (E); type 1 DA, tm1 (F) and tm2 (G); type 2 DA, tm1 (H) and tm2 (I); and type 3 DA, tm1 (J) and tm2 (K).


(L) Type 2 DA demonstrating a “double bubble” with significantly dilated proximal duodenum; tm2.


(M) Type 3 DA demonstrating an intact esophagus, in the presence of tracheal atresia; tm1. Annotations denote genotype, scale bars, and location of pylorus, P. Arrows indicate location atresia in type 1 DA and type 2 DA examples.

References

  1. Itoh N. (2010). Hormone-like (endocrine) Fgfs: their evolutionary history and roles in development, metabolism, and disease. Cell Tissue Res. , 342, 1-11. PMID: 20730630 DOI.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Fongang B & Kudlicki A. (2013). The precise timeline of transcriptional regulation reveals causation in mouse somitogenesis network. BMC Dev. Biol. , 13, 42. PMID: 24304493 DOI.
  3. Wong KL, Akiyama R, Bessho Y & Matsui T. (2018). ERK Activity Dynamics during Zebrafish Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci , 20, . PMID: 30597912 DOI.
  4. Row RH, Pegg A, Kinney B, Farr GH, Maves L, Lowell S, Wilson V & Martin BL. (2018). BMP and FGF signaling interact to pattern mesoderm by controlling basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. Elife , 7, . PMID: 29877796 DOI.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Weng M, Chen Z, Xiao Q, Li R & Chen Z. (2018). A review of FGF signaling in palate development. Biomed. Pharmacother. , 103, 240-247. PMID: 29655165 DOI.
  6. Chan WK, Price DJ & Pratt T. (2017). FGF8 morphogen gradients are differentially regulated by heparan sulphotransferases Hs2st and Hs6st1 in the developing brain. Biol Open , 6, 1933-1942. PMID: 29158323 DOI.
  7. Diez Del Corral R & Morales AV. (2017). The Multiple Roles of FGF Signaling in the Developing Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol , 5, 58. PMID: 28626748 DOI.
  8. Atsuta Y & Takahashi Y. (2015). FGF8 coordinates tissue elongation and cell epithelialization during early kidney tubulogenesis. Development , 142, 2329-37. PMID: 26130757 DOI.
  9. Gredler ML, Seifert AW & Cohn MJ. (2015). Tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in development of the external genitalia. Development , 142, 2203-12. PMID: 26081573 DOI.
  10. Shifley ET, Kenny AP, Rankin SA & Zorn AM. (2012). Prolonged FGF signaling is necessary for lung and liver induction in Xenopus. BMC Dev. Biol. , 12, 27. PMID: 22988910 DOI.
  11. Lahti L, Saarimäki-Vire J, Rita H & Partanen J. (2011). FGF signaling gradient maintains symmetrical proliferative divisions of midbrain neuronal progenitors. Dev. Biol. , 349, 270-82. PMID: 21074523 DOI.
  12. Yu SR, Burkhardt M, Nowak M, Ries J, Petrásek Z, Scholpp S, Schwille P & Brand M. (2009). Fgf8 morphogen gradient forms by a source-sink mechanism with freely diffusing molecules. Nature , 461, 533-6. PMID: 19741606 DOI.
  13. Zhang XT, Wang G, Li Y, Chuai M, Lee KKH & Yang X. (2018). Role of FGF signalling in neural crest cell migration during early chick embryo development. Zygote , , 1-8. PMID: 30520400 DOI.
  14. Bayha E, Jørgensen MC, Serup P & Grapin-Botton A. (2009). Retinoic acid signaling organizes endodermal organ specification along the entire antero-posterior axis. PLoS ONE , 4, e5845. PMID: 19516907 DOI.
  15. Hayashi S, Shimoda T, Nakajima M, Tsukada Y, Sakumura Y, Dale JK, Maroto M, Kohno K, Matsui T & Bessho Y. (2009). Sprouty4, an FGF inhibitor, displays cyclic gene expression under the control of the notch segmentation clock in the mouse PSM. PLoS ONE , 4, e5603. PMID: 19440349 DOI.
  16. Govindarajan V & Overbeek PA. (2006). FGF9 can induce endochondral ossification in cranial mesenchyme. BMC Dev. Biol. , 6, 7. PMID: 16504022 DOI.
  17. Cardoso WV & Kotton DN. (2008). Specification and patterning of the respiratory system. , , . PMID: 20614584 DOI.
  18. Herriges JC, Verheyden JM, Zhang Z, Sui P, Zhang Y, Anderson MJ, Swing DA, Zhang Y, Lewandoski M & Sun X. (2015). FGF-Regulated ETV Transcription Factors Control FGF-SHH Feedback Loop in Lung Branching. Dev. Cell , 35, 322-32. PMID: 26555052 DOI.
  19. Cohn MJ, Izpisúa-Belmonte JC, Abud H, Heath JK & Tickle C. (1995). Fibroblast growth factors induce additional limb development from the flank of chick embryos. Cell , 80, 739-46. PMID: 7889567
  20. Vogel A, Rodriguez C & Izpisúa-Belmonte JC. (1996). Involvement of FGF-8 in initiation, outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb. Development , 122, 1737-50. PMID: 8674413
  21. 21.0 21.1 Teague WJ, Jones MLM, Hawkey L, Smyth IM, Catubig A, King SK, Sarila G, Li R & Hutson JM. (2018). FGF10 and the Mystery of Duodenal Atresia in Humans. Front Genet , 9, 530. PMID: 30473704 DOI.


Reviews

Articles

Su N, Xu X, Li C, He Q, Zhao L, Li C, Chen S, Luo F, Yi L, Du X, Huang H, Deng C & Chen L. (2010). Generation of Fgfr3 conditional knockout mice. Int. J. Biol. Sci. , 6, 327-32. PMID: 20582225

Search Pubmed

Search Bookshelf Fibroblast Growth Factor

Search Pubmed Now: Fibroblast Growth Factor


Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Fibroblast_Growth_Factor

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G