Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein: Difference between revisions

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Mouse Bmp4 expression face.<ref name>[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038568 PLoS One]</ref>
Mouse Bmp4 expression face.<ref name="PMID22701669"<pubmed>22701669</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038568 PLoS One]</ref>




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Mouse Bmp4 expression limb and face.<ref>[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038568 PLoS One]</ref>
Mouse Bmp4 expression limb and face.<ref name="PMID22701669"<pubmed>22701669</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038568 PLoS One]</ref>
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Revision as of 09:28, 8 April 2016

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. The proteins are synthesized as prepropeptides, then cleaved, and then processed into dimeric proteins.


TGFB family members: TGFB1, TGFB, TGFB3, bone morphogenetic proteins Bmp-2A, Bmp-2B, Bmp-3, and Bmp-6. mullerian inhibitory substance.

Mouse Bmp4 expression face 01.jpg

Mouse Bmp4 expression face.[1]


BMP Mouse Links: Face and limb E9.5-13.5 | Face E9.5-13.5 | Body E11.0 | Body E11.5 | BMP | Mouse Development

Growth Differentiation Factor-6 (Gdf6) is a member of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules.

Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

  • Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes craniofacial neural crest induction from human pluripotent stem cells[2] "Neural crest (NC) cells are a group of cells located in the neural folds at the boundary between the neural and epidermal ectoderm. Cranial NC cells migrate to the branchial arches and give rise to the majority of the craniofacial region, whereas trunk and tail NC cells contribute to the heart, enteric ganglia of the gut, melanocytes, sympathetic ganglia, and adrenal chromaffin cells. ...These BMP4-treated NC cells were capable of differentiation into osteocytes and chondrocytes. The results of the present study indicate that BMP4 regulates cranial positioning during NC development." Neural Crest Development
  • Review - EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT. BMP gradients: A paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning[3] "Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act in dose-dependent fashion to regulate cell fate choices in a myriad of developmental contexts. In early vertebrate and invertebrate embryos, BMPs and their antagonists establish epidermal versus central nervous system domains. In this highly conserved system, BMP antagonists mediate the neural-inductive activities proposed by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold nearly a century ago. BMPs distributed in gradients subsequently function as morphogens to subdivide the three germ layers into distinct territories and act to organize body axes, regulate growth, maintain stem cell niches, or signal inductively across germ layers. In this Review, we summarize the variety of mechanisms that contribute to generating reliable developmental responses to BMP gradients and other morphogen systems."
  • Construction of a vertebrate embryo from two opposing morphogen gradients[4] "Here, we show that opposing gradients of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a well-developed embryo." Zebrafish Development
  • Developmental stalling and organ-autonomous regulation of morphogenesis[5] "Timing of organ development during embryogenesis is coordinated such that at birth, organ and fetal size and maturity are appropriately proportioned. The extent to which local developmental timers are integrated with each other and with the signaling interactions that regulate morphogenesis to achieve this end is not understood. Using the absolute requirement for a signaling pathway activity (bone morphogenetic protein, BMP) during a critical stage of tooth development, we show that suboptimal levels of BMP signaling do not lead to abnormal morphogenesis, as suggested by mutants affecting BMP signaling, but to a 24-h stalling of the intrinsic developmental clock of the tooth. During this time, BMP levels accumulate to reach critical levels whereupon tooth development restarts, accelerates to catch up with development of the rest of the embryo and completes normal morphogenesis. This suggests that individual organs can autonomously control their developmental timing to adjust their stage of development to that of other organs. We also find that although BMP signaling is critical for the bud-to-cap transition in all teeth, levels of BMP signaling are regulated differently in multicusped teeth. We identify an interaction between two homeodomain transcription factors, Barx1 and Msx1, which is responsible for setting critical levels of BMP activity in multicusped teeth and provides evidence that correlates the levels of Barx1 transcriptional activity with cuspal complexity. This study highlights the importance of absolute levels of signaling activity for development and illustrates remarkable self-regulation in organogenesis that ensures coordination of developmental processes such that timing is subordinate to developmental structure."
More recent papers
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Search term: Bone Morphogenetic Protein

<pubmed limit=5>Bone Morphogenetic Protein</pubmed>

Structure

Gene

Function

Mouse Bmp4 expression limb and face 01.jpg

Mouse Bmp4 expression limb and face.[1]

Mouse face Bmp4 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Mouse Face Bmp4
Page | Play

Neural Development

During gastrulation the BMP pathway is antagonised and involved with neural induction. Neural induction signaling through the BMP-regulated Smad1/5 proteins appears to be controlled by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-regulated Ca2+ entry activating calcineurin (CaN) that in turn dephosphorylates Smad1/5 proteins.[6]


Links: Neural Development

Oocyte Development

Ovarian follicle molecular interactions Bovine ovarian follicle BMP15 and GDF9
Molecular paracrine interactions involving BMP15 signaling[7] Localization of BMP15 in calf and cow follicles[8]
Links: Oocyte Development

Limb Development

Bmp2, Bmp4 and Bmp7 are co-required in the mouse AER for normal digit patterning but not limb outgrowth[9]

"Outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb requires a functional apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER is a thickening of ectodermal tissue located at the distal end of the limb bud. Loss of this structure, either through genetic or physical manipulations results in truncation of the limb. A number of genes, including Bmps, are expressed in the AER. Previously, it was shown that removal of the BMP receptor Bmpr1a specifically from the AER resulted in complete loss of hindlimbs suggesting that Bmp signaling in the AER is required for limb outgrowth. In this report, we genetically removed the three known AER-expressed Bmp ligands, Bmp2, Bmp4 and Bmp7 from the AER of the limb bud using floxed conditional alleles and the Msx2-cre allele. Surprisingly, only defects in digit patterning and not limb outgrowth were observed. In triple mutants, the anterior and posterior AER was present but loss of the central region of the AER was observed. These data suggest that Bmp ligands expressed in the AER are not required for limb outgrowth but instead play an essential role in maintaining the AER and patterning vertebrate digits."


Links: Limb Development

Signaling Pathway

Identified BMP modulators:[10] Noggin, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Twisted gastrulation, Dan, BMPER, Sost, Sostdc1, Follistatin, Follistatin-like 1, Follistatin-like 5 and Tolloid.

Receptor

Intracellular Signaling

SNW-domain containing protein 1

(SNW1, SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN; SKIIP)

A protein that interacts with nuclear receptors and enhances ligand-activated transcription, also called a nuclear receptor co-activator.


Regulator of Spatial BMP Activity, Neural Plate Border Formation, and Neural Crest Specification in Vertebrate Embryos[11]

"Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gradients provide positional information to direct cell fate specification, such as patterning of the vertebrate ectoderm into neural, neural crest, and epidermal tissues, with precise borders segregating these domains. However, little is known about how BMP activity is regulated spatially and temporally during vertebrate development to contribute to embryonic patterning, and more specifically to neural crest formation. Through a large-scale in vivo functional screen in Xenopus for neural crest fate, we identified an essential regulator of BMP activity, SNW1. SNW1 is a nuclear protein known to regulate gene expression. Using antisense morpholinos to deplete SNW1 protein in both Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, we demonstrate that dorsally expressed SNW1 is required for neural crest specification, and this is independent of mesoderm formation and gastrulation morphogenetic movements. By exploiting a combination of immunostaining for phosphorylated Smad1 in Xenopus embryos and a BMP-dependent reporter transgenic zebrafish line, we show that SNW1 regulates a specific domain of BMP activity in the dorsal ectoderm at the neural plate border at post-gastrula stages. We use double in situ hybridizations and immunofluorescence to show how this domain of BMP activity is spatially positioned relative to the neural crest domain and that of SNW1 expression. Further in vivo and in vitro assays using cell culture and tissue explants allow us to conclude that SNW1 acts upstream of the BMP receptors. Finally, we show that the requirement of SNW1 for neural crest specification is through its ability to regulate BMP activity, as we demonstrate that targeted overexpression of BMP to the neural plate border is sufficient to restore neural crest formation in Xenopus SNW1 morphants. We conclude that through its ability to regulate a specific domain of BMP activity in the vertebrate embryo, SNW1 is a critical regulator of neural plate border formation and thus neural crest specification."

Additional Images

OMIM

About OMIM "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man OMIM is a comprehensive, authoritative, and timely compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. It is updated daily, and the entries contain copious links to other genetics resources." OMIM


Links: OMIM300247

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 22701669</pubmed>| PLoS One
  2. <pubmed>26934293</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>26113727</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>24700857</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>22084104</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>24698271</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed>24711992</pubmed>| PMC3966335 | Biomed Res Int.
  8. <pubmed>21401961<pubmed>| Reprod Biol Endocrinol.
  9. <pubmed>22662233</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  10. <pubmed>23573253</pubmed>
  11. <pubmed>21358802</pubmed>

Reviews

<pubmed>26113727</pubmed> <pubmed>24174749</pubmed> <pubmed>22327483</pubmed> <pubmed>17029022</pubmed> <pubmed>15621726</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>24698271</pubmed> <pubmed>23055827</pubmed> <pubmed>22693607</pubmed>

Online Textbooks


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Bone_Morphogenetic_Protein

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G