Developmental Signals - Anti-Mullerian Hormone: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 11:28, 8 March 2018

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH; Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, MIS; Mullerian Inhibiting Factor, MIF) is a secreted glycoprotein factor (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta superfamily) that regulates gonadal and genital tract development. In the male embryo, the Sertoli cell secrete AMH and inhibit paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct development. In postnatal males, AMH increases during the first month, reaching peak level at 6 months of age, and then slowly declines during childhood falling to low levels in puberty.


In reproductive age women, AMH is produced in the ovary by the granulosa cell surrounding preantral and small antral follicles and serum levels may reflect the remaining follicle cohort and decrease with age.


Links: AMH | Male | Ovary Development | Oocyte Development | Testis


Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

  • Salivary and serum androgens with anti-Müllerian hormone measurement for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome[1] To determine the predictive value of a raised androgen level with an elevated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) for the diagnosis or exclusion of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prospective cross-sectional study of 170 women (105 with PCOS type A and 65 normal) was undertaken. AMH was combined with one of, total serum testosterone (T); calculated free androgen index; salivary testosterone (salT); serum androstenedione (A); salivary androstenedione (salA).... Therefore, the combination of an AMH with a cut off of 35 pmol/l combined with a raised T and/or a FAI will confirm PCOS whilst a normal AMH with a normal T and/or FAI will exclude PCOS, thus addressing diagnostic uncertainty."
  • Review - In-vitro regulation of primordial follicle activation[2] "In vivo, primordial follicles gradually exit the resting pool, whereas when primordial follicles are placed into culture, global activation of these follicles occurs. Therefore, the addition of a factor(s) that can regulate primordial follicle activation in vitro may be beneficial to the development of culture systems for ovarian tissue from cancer patients. Several factors have been observed to inhibit follicle activation, including anti-Müllerian hormone, stromal-derived factor 1 and members of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase pathway."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Anti-Mullerian Hormone

<pubmed limit=5>Anti-Mullerian Hormone</pubmed>

Movies

<html5media height="500" width="200">File:Testis 001.mp4</html5media>
  • Paramesonephric duct (red left, Müllerian duct) degenerates under the influence of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) secreted by sertoli cells (differentiated by SRY expression).


  • Mesonephric duct (purple, Wolffian duct) differentiates under the influence of testosterone secreted by Leydig cells. Within the testes these mesonephric tubules grow towards the medullary sex cords and will form the rete teste. The mesonephric duct extending out of the gonad forms the ductus deferens.


  • Medullary sex cords (orange) form testis cords.
Links: Testis Development Movie

Gene

  • cytogenetic location - 19p13.3
  • human gene has 5 exons
Links: HGNC | OMIM - AMH

Protein

  • Secreted protein
  • 560 amino acid polypeptide
  • C-terminal domain homology with human transforming growth factor-beta and the beta chain of porcine inhibin


Links: UniProt

Functions

AMH can inhibit the autophosphorylation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in vitro even though it does not compete with EGF for receptor binding sites.

Genital Development

References

  1. Sathyapalan T, Al-Qaissi A, Kilpatrick ES, Dargham SR, Keevil B & Atkin SL. (2018). Salivary and serum androgens with anti-Müllerian hormone measurement for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Sci Rep , 8, 3795. PMID: 29491484 DOI.
  2. Bertoldo MJ, Walters KA, Ledger WL, Gilchrist RB, Mermillod P & Locatelli Y. (2018). In-vitro regulation of primordial follicle activation: challenges for fertility preservation strategies. Reprod. Biomed. Online , , . PMID: 29503209 DOI.

Reviewss

Roly ZY, Backhouse B, Cutting A, Tan TY, Sinclair AH, Ayers KL, Major AT & Smith CA. (2018). The cell biology and molecular genetics of Müllerian duct development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol , , . PMID: 29350886 DOI.

Shahrokhi SZ, Kazerouni F & Ghaffari F. (2018). Anti-Müllerian Hormone: genetic and environmental effects. Clin. Chim. Acta , 476, 123-129. PMID: 29175649 DOI.

Mossa F, Jimenez-Krassel F, Scheetz D, Weber-Nielsen M, Evans ACO & Ireland JJ. (2017). Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and fertility management in agricultural species. Reproduction , 154, R1-R11. PMID: 28356501 DOI.

Elias-Assad G, Elias M, Kanety H, Pressman A & Tenenbaum-Rakover Y. (2016). Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome Caused by a Novel Mutation of an Anti-MüIlerian Hormone Receptor Gene: Case Presentation and Literature Review. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev , 13, 731-40. PMID: 27464416

Articles

Kissell KA, Danaher MR, Schisterman EF, Wactawski-Wende J, Ahrens KA, Schliep K, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda L, Weck J & Mumford SL. (2014). Biological variability in serum anti-Müllerian hormone throughout the menstrual cycle in ovulatory and sporadic anovulatory cycles in eumenorrheic women. Hum. Reprod. , 29, 1764-72. PMID: 24925522 DOI.


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Developmental Signals - Anti-Mullerian Hormone. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Anti-Mullerian_Hormone

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