Developmental Mechanism - Time: Difference between revisions

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Embryology - 19 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate
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Introduction

These notes are intended to introduce the concept of time as a developmental mechanism. See also Timeline human development.

The concept can historically be seen in the staging of different species development and gestation by hours, days, and months.

More recently with molecular development and cellular dynamics we are looking at changes in the range from minutes down.

Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients^[1] "The concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. Morphogen-dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. Although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. Furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of Xenopus laevis is bisected into dorsal and ventral halves, the dorsal half of the embryo leads to proportionally patterned half-sized embryos. This robustness of pattern formation despite size variations is termed as scaling. In this review, I focused on the morphogen-dependent dorsal-ventral axis formation in Xenopus and described how morphogens form a proper gradient shape according to the embryo size."

Heterochrony and Morphological Variation of Epithalamic Asymmetry^[2] "Heterochrony is one proposed mechanism to explain how morphological variation and novelty arise during evolution. To experimentally approach heterochrony in a comprehensive manner, we must consider all three aspects of developmental time (sequence, timing, duration). This task is only possible in developmental models that allow the acquisition of high-quality temporal data in the context of normalized developmental time. Here we propose that epithalamic asymmetry of teleosts is one such model. Comparative studies among related teleost species have revealed heterochronic shifts in the timing of ontogenic events leading to the development of epithalamic asymmetry. Such temporal changes involve neural structures critical for tissue-tissue interactions underlying the generation of asymmetry and are concurrent with the appearance of morphological differences in the pattern of asymmetry between species. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that interspecies variation of epithalamic asymmetry results from changes in the timing of tissue-tissue interactions critical for the establishment of asymmetry during ontogeny. Importantly, this hypothesis can be tested by systematic comparative approaches among teleosts species based on normalized developmental time, combined with experimental manipulation of epithalamic asymmetry development."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Developmental Mechanisms <pubmed limit=5>Developmental Mechanisms</pubmed>

Species Timelines

Species Embryonic Comparison Timeline

Carnegie

Stage

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Human

Days

1

2-3

4-5

5-6

20

22

24

28

30

33

36

40

42

44

48

52

54

55

58

Mouse

Days

1

2

3

E10

E11

E12

E13

E14

E15

E16

Rat

Days

1

3.5

4-5

5

6

7.5

8.5

9

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

17

17.5

Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison

Table References
Human O'Rahilly R. (1979). Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. , 9, 273-80. PMID: 400868 Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763 Mouse Theiler K. The House Mouse: Atlas of Mouse Development (1972, 1989) Springer-Verlag, NY. Online OTIS EM & BRENT R. (1954). Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. Anat. Rec. , 120, 33-63. PMID: 13207763 Rat Witschi E. Rat Development. In: Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development. (1962) Altman PL. and Dittmer DS. ed. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington DC, pp. 304-314. Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À, Castellote C & Castell M. (2012). The suckling rat as a model for immunonutrition studies in early life. Clin. Dev. Immunol. , 2012, 537310. PMID: 22899949 DOI.

timeline

References

↑ Inomata H. (2017). Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients. Dev. Growth Differ. , 59, 41-51. PMID: 28097650 DOI.
↑ Signore IA & Concha ML. (2017). Heterochrony and Morphological Variation of Epithalamic Asymmetry. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. , 328, 157-164. PMID: 27659033 DOI.

Journals

Reviews

Search PubMed

Search PubMed: Developmental Mechanisms

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Developmental Mechanism - Time. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Mechanism_-_Time

What Links Here?

[PMID28097650-1] Inomata H. (2017). Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients. Dev. Growth Differ. , 59, 41-51. PMID: 28097650 DOI.

[PMID27659033-2] Signore IA & Concha ML. (2017). Heterochrony and Morphological Variation of Epithalamic Asymmetry. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. , 328, 157-164. PMID: 27659033 DOI.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Header}}
 ==Introduction==
-These notes are intended to introduce the concept of time as a developmental mechanism.
+These notes are intended to introduce the concept of time as a developmental mechanism. See also [[Timeline human development]].
-The concept can historically be seen in the staging of development and gestation by hours, days, and months in different species.
+The concept can historically be seen in the staging of different species development and gestation by hours, days, and months.
+More recently with molecular development and cellular dynamics we are looking at changes in the range from minutes down.
 {{Mechanism Links}}
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 {{Factor Links}}
 ==Some Recent Findings==
-[[File:Xenopus red fluorescence.jpg|thumb|Xenopus red fluorescence{{#pmid:19549299|PMID19549299}}]]
 {|
 |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
 |
 * '''Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients'''{{#pmid:28097650|PMID28097650}} "The concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. Morphogen-dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. Although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. Furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of Xenopus laevis is bisected into dorsal and ventral halves, the dorsal half of the embryo leads to proportionally patterned half-sized embryos. This robustness of pattern formation despite size variations is termed as scaling. In this review, I focused on the morphogen-dependent dorsal-ventral axis formation in Xenopus and described how morphogens form a proper gradient shape according to the embryo size."
+* '''Heterochrony and Morphological Variation of Epithalamic Asymmetry'''{{#pmid:27659033|PMID27659033}} "Heterochrony is one proposed mechanism to explain how morphological variation and novelty arise during evolution. To experimentally approach heterochrony in a comprehensive manner, we must consider all three aspects of developmental time (sequence, timing, duration). This task is only possible in developmental models that allow the acquisition of high-quality temporal data in the context of normalized developmental time. Here we propose that epithalamic asymmetry of teleosts is one such model. Comparative studies among related teleost species have revealed heterochronic shifts in the timing of ontogenic events leading to the development of epithalamic asymmetry. Such temporal changes involve neural structures critical for tissue-tissue interactions underlying the generation of asymmetry and are concurrent with the appearance of morphological differences in the pattern of asymmetry between species. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that interspecies variation of epithalamic asymmetry results from changes in the timing of tissue-tissue interactions critical for the establishment of asymmetry during ontogeny. Importantly, this hypothesis can be tested by systematic comparative approaches among teleosts species based on normalized developmental time, combined with experimental manipulation of epithalamic asymmetry development."
 |}
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"