Developmental Mechanism - Axes Formation

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Introduction

Anatomical axes comparison
Anatomical axes comparison
Axes
Axes

How do you establish the anatomical axes of the embryo? Another well studied model of axis patterning is the establishment of limb axes, in particular this system historically was studied by grafting and rotating parts of the early developing limb.

Note there is some confusion arising in the terminology when comparing animal developmental axes and those of human anatomical axes.


Axes - "the plural of Axis".


Axes Formation: Dorsal-Ventral Axis | Cranio-Caudal Axis | Left-Right Axis

Mechanism Links: mitosis | cell migration | cell junctions |epithelial invagination | epithelial mesenchymal transition | mesenchymal epithelial transition | epithelial mesenchymal interaction | morphodynamics | tube formation | apoptosis | autophagy | axes formation | time | molecular


Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular

Some Recent Findings

  • Nodal signalling determines biradial asymmetry in Hydra[1] "In bilaterians, three orthogonal body axes define the animal form, with distinct anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and left-right asymmetries. The key signalling factors are Wnt family proteins for the anterior-posterior axis, Bmp family proteins for the dorsal-ventral axis and Nodal for the left-right axis. Cnidarians, the sister group to bilaterians, are characterized by one oral-aboral body axis, which exhibits a distinct biradiality of unknown molecular nature. ...Reminiscent of its function in vertebrates, Nodal acts downstream of β-Catenin signalling. Our data support an evolutionary scenario in which a 'core-signalling cassette' consisting of β-Catenin, Nodal and Pitx pre-dated the cnidarian-bilaterian split. We presume that this cassette was co-opted for various modes of axial patterning: for example, for lateral branching in cnidarians and left-right patterning in bilaterians."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Axes Formation

<pubmed limit=5>Axes Formation</pubmed>

Dorsal-Ventral Axis

dorsoventral, dorso-ventral

Human anatomical position - anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal)

First break in embryonic symmetry is the anteroposterior axis (A-P) sagittal plane

Signaling Factors

  • BMP, Wnt,
  • transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
  • fibroblast growth factor (FGF)


Links: Dorsal-Ventral Axis

Cranio-Caudal Axis

rostrocaudal, craniocaudal, head to tail, superior-inferior, longitudinal plane

Signaling Factors

  • Hox - bilateral animals
  • Wnt/β-catenin - both bilaterian and non-bilaterian animals


Links: Cranio-Caudal Axis

Left-Right Axis

left-right axis (L-R) transverse plane

  • vertebrates - left side Nodal expression
  • sea urchins- right side Nodal expression, inhibit the right mesodermal coelomic pouch (CP) from forming the adult rudiment

Signaling Factors

  • Nodal - induces its own expression and that of Lefty.
  • Lefty - a Nodal feedback inhibitor with a longer diffusion range.
Primitive node cilia Embryo left-right asymmetry pathway.jpg
Primitive node cilia (human stage 8) Embryo left-right asymmetry pathway[2]


Links: Left-Right Axis

References

  1. <pubmed>25156256</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>23256866</pubmed>| BMC Biology


Textbooks

Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. Axis Formation in Amphibians: The Phenomenon of the Organizer

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Anteroposterior Specification during Embryogenesis | Dorsoventral Patterning by TGFβ-Superfamily Proteins | Molecular Mechanisms of Responses to Morphogens

Madame Curie Bioscience Database Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000. The Role of Wnt Signaling in Vertebrate Head Induction and the Organizer-Gradient Model Dualism

Reviews

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Embryonic Axes: The Long and Short of It in the Mouse http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982204001484

Articles

Dynamics of anterior–posterior axis formation in the developing mouse embryo http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n2/full/ncomms1671.html

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Embryo Axes Formation


Terms

  • Longitudinal - (vertical) cranial to caudal (intersection of coronal and sagittal planes) superior inferior
  • Sagittal - anteroposterior (intersection of sagittal and transverse planes) anterior (ventral)
  • Transverse - horizontal (intersection of coronal and transverse planes) Left Right (sinister,dexter)

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Mechanism Links: mitosis | cell migration | cell junctions |epithelial invagination | epithelial mesenchymal transition | mesenchymal epithelial transition | epithelial mesenchymal interaction | morphodynamics | tube formation | apoptosis | autophagy | axes formation | time | molecular


Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Developmental Mechanism - Axes Formation. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Mechanism_-_Axes_Formation

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G