Detailed Cardiac - Sinus Node: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Cardiac Conduction System.jpg|thumb|alt=Cardiac Conduction System|Cardiac Conduction System]] | [[File:Cardiac Conduction System.jpg|thumb|alt=Cardiac Conduction System|Cardiac Conduction System]] | ||
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart that initially develops from part of pro-pacemaking embryonic venous pole that expresses both Hcn4 and the transcriptional factor Shox2.<ref name=PMID26682210><pubmed>26682210</pubmed></ref> The [[Chicken Development|chicken embryo]] has been used as a model of SAN development, where early canonical Wnts expression within the right lateral plate mesoderm just posterior of the heart field results in development of these cells.<ref name=PMID23519212><pubmed>23519212</pubmed></ref> | The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart that initially develops from part of pro-pacemaking embryonic venous pole that expresses both Hcn4 and the transcriptional factor Shox2.<ref name=PMID26682210><pubmed>26682210</pubmed></ref> The [[Chicken Development|chicken embryo]] has been used as a model of SAN development, where early [[Developmental_Signals_-_Wnt#Canonical_Pathway|canonical Wnts]] expression within the right lateral plate mesoderm just posterior of the heart field results in development of these cells.<ref name=PMID23519212><pubmed>23519212</pubmed></ref> | ||
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==Molecular== | ==Molecular== | ||
===Wnt=== | ===Wnt=== | ||
A secreted glycoprotein patterning switch with different roles in different tissues and signaling has generally been divided into the canonical and non-canonical pathways. The name was derived from two drosophila phenotypes wingless and int and the gene was first defined as a protooncogene, int1. | |||
'''Canonical Pathway''' | |||
# Wnt binds the surface receptor Frizzled (Fz) and LRP5/6 receptor complex | |||
# Induces the stabilization of beta-catenin (through the DIX and PDZ domains of Dishevelled and other factors including Axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and casein kinase 1) | |||
# Beta-catenin translocates into the nucleus | |||
# Beta-catenin complexes with members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors. | |||
# Transcriptional induction of target genes. | |||
# Beta-catenin is then exported from the nucleus and degraded via the proteosomal machinery. | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Wnt|Wnt]] | [[Developmental_Signals_-_Wnt#Canonical_Pathway|Wnt Canonical Pathway]] | |||
===Hcn4=== | ===Hcn4=== | ||
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Potassium Channel 4 (HCN4) gene located at 15q24.1, the 1,203 amino acid protein contains 6 putative transmembrane segments, a pore region, and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. | Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Potassium Channel 4 (HCN4) gene located at 15q24.1, the 1,203 amino acid protein contains 6 putative transmembrane segments, a pore region, and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. | ||
:Links: [[https://omim.org/entry/605206 OMIM HCN4] | :'''Links:''' [[https://omim.org/entry/605206 OMIM HCN4] | ||
===Shox2=== | ===Shox2=== | ||
Short Stature Homeobox 2 (SHOX2) gene located at 3q25.32, the protein acts as a homeobox transcription factor. | Short Stature Homeobox 2 (SHOX2) gene located at 3q25.32, the protein acts as a homeobox transcription factor. | ||
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* mouse og12 gene - developmental sinus venosus (aorta), female genitalia, diencephalon, mes- and myelencephalon, nasal capsula, palate, eyelid, and limbs | * mouse og12 gene - developmental sinus venosus (aorta), female genitalia, diencephalon, mes- and myelencephalon, nasal capsula, palate, eyelid, and limbs | ||
:Links: [https://omim.org/entry/602504 OMIM SHOX2] | |||
:'''Links:''' [https://omim.org/entry/602504 OMIM SHOX2] | |||
=== ISL1=== | === ISL1=== | ||
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:Links: [https://omim.org/entry/600366 OMIM ISL1] | :'''Links:''' [https://omim.org/entry/600366 OMIM ISL1] | ||
==Abnormalities== | ==Abnormalities== |
Revision as of 04:27, 19 February 2017
Embryology - 24 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Detailed Cardiac: Systemic Venous Sinus | Pulmonary Vein | Superior Interatrial Fold | Atrioventricular Cushions | Atrioventricular Canal | Interventricular Communication | Subpulmonary Infundibulum | Arterial Roots | Intrapericardial Arterial Trunks | Extrapericardial Arterial Channels | Sinus Node | Atrioventricular Conduction Axis |
Appearance and Remodelling of the Sinus Node
Introduction
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart that initially develops from part of pro-pacemaking embryonic venous pole that expresses both Hcn4 and the transcriptional factor Shox2.[1] The chicken embryo has been used as a model of SAN development, where early canonical Wnts expression within the right lateral plate mesoderm just posterior of the heart field results in development of these cells.[2]
The adult node is a mixture of about 10,000 cells distinct myocytes located at the entry of the right superior caval vein (SVC) into the right atrium.
Cardiovascular Links: cardiovascular | Heart Tutorial | Lecture - Early Vascular | Lecture - Heart | Movies | 2016 Cardiac Review | heart | coronary circulation | heart valve | heart rate | Circulation | blood | blood vessel | blood vessel histology | heart histology | Lymphatic | ductus venosus | spleen | Stage 22 | cardiovascular abnormalities | OMIM | 2012 ECHO Meeting | Category:Cardiovascular | ||
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Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Sinus Node Development <pubmed limit=5>Sinus Node Development</pubmed> |
Molecular
Wnt
A secreted glycoprotein patterning switch with different roles in different tissues and signaling has generally been divided into the canonical and non-canonical pathways. The name was derived from two drosophila phenotypes wingless and int and the gene was first defined as a protooncogene, int1.
Canonical Pathway
- Wnt binds the surface receptor Frizzled (Fz) and LRP5/6 receptor complex
- Induces the stabilization of beta-catenin (through the DIX and PDZ domains of Dishevelled and other factors including Axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and casein kinase 1)
- Beta-catenin translocates into the nucleus
- Beta-catenin complexes with members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors.
- Transcriptional induction of target genes.
- Beta-catenin is then exported from the nucleus and degraded via the proteosomal machinery.
- Links: Wnt | Wnt Canonical Pathway
Hcn4
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Potassium Channel 4 (HCN4) gene located at 15q24.1, the 1,203 amino acid protein contains 6 putative transmembrane segments, a pore region, and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain.
- Links: [OMIM HCN4
Shox2
Short Stature Homeobox 2 (SHOX2) gene located at 3q25.32, the protein acts as a homeobox transcription factor.
- mouse og12 gene - developmental sinus venosus (aorta), female genitalia, diencephalon, mes- and myelencephalon, nasal capsula, palate, eyelid, and limbs
- Links: OMIM SHOX2
ISL1
ISL Lim Homeobox 1 (ISL1) gene located at 5q11.1 is a member of the LIM/homeodomain family of transcription factors that binds to the enhancer region of the insulin gene. Functions in survival, proliferation, and function of pacemaker cells throughout development.[5]
- Links: OMIM ISL1
Abnormalities
Sinus node dysfunction (SND) or sick sinus syndrome (SSS) can occur in the elderly.
References
Reviews
<pubmed>26023305</pubmed> <pubmed>24672485</pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>27291063</pubmed> <pubmed>26682210</pubmed> <pubmed>26611337</pubmed> <pubmed>26835096</pubmed>
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Detailed Cardiac - Sinus Node. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Detailed_Cardiac_-_Sinus_Node
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G