Deer Development

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Embryology - 19 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate
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Introduction

The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the fallow deer, and the chital; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), the roe deer, and the moose.

Deer are seasonally polyestrous animals that have multiple estrous cycles only during certain periods of the year, similar to horses, sheep, goats, and cats. A historic 1906 paper by Sakurai^[1] characterised the prenatal development of the deer embryo (cervus capreolus). The average prenatal development period for deer (Mule) is 200 days.

Deer are typically a uniparental species, where the offspring (fawn) is only cared for by the mother (doe).

Animal Development Time

Animal	Average Days
Bear (Black)	210
Bison	270
Budgerigar	18
Camel	410
cat	65
cow	281
chicken	21
Chimpanzee	236
Chinchilla	111
Coyote	63
deer (Mule)	200
dog	63
Donkey	365
Duck	28
Duck (Muscovy)	35
elephant	660
Elk, Wapiti	255
Ferret	42
Finch	14
Fox	52
Giraffe	425
goat	150
Goose	28
Gorilla	270
Guinea fowl	28
guinea pig	68
Hare	36
Hippopotamus	240
horse	338
Human	274
Leopard	95
Lion	108
Llama	350
Marmoset	150
Mink (European)	41
monkey (Macaque)	180
Moose	240
mouse	20
Muskox	255
Muskrat	29
Nutria, Coypu	130
opossum	12
Otter	285
Panther	90
Parrot	26
Pheasant	24
Pig	114
Pigeon	18
Porcupine	210
Pronghorn	230
Quail	16
rabbit	31
Raccoon	63
rat	21
Reindeer	225
Rhinoceros (African)	480
Seal	330
sheep	150
Shrew	20
Skunk	63
Squirrel (Gray)	40
Swan	35
Tapir	390
Tarsier	182
Tiger	103
Turkey	28
Walrus	450
whale (Sperm)	450
Wolf	63
Woodchuck	31

Animal Notes and Table Data Sources

Each animal species has different variations +/- the average values shown in the table.
Gestation is the carrying of an animal embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. Except in the case of human gestational age GA.
Incubation is the laying of an egg (birds, reptiles, monotremes) with development occurring outside the female animal.

See also - Timeline Comparisons

Historic Embryology
1897 Pig \| 1900 Chicken \| 1901 Lungfish \| 1904 Sand Lizard \| 1905 Rabbit \| 1906 Deer \| 1907 Tarsiers \| 1908 Human \| 1909 Northern Lapwing \| 1909 South American and African Lungfish \| 1910 Salamander \| 1951 Frog \| Embryology History \| Historic Disclaimer

Additional Data Sources

Theiler K. The House Mouse: Atlas of Mouse Development (1972, 1989) Springer-Verlag, NY. Online
Witschi E. Rat Development. In: Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development. (1962) Altman PL. and Dittmer DS. ed. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington DC, pp. 304-314.
The Genetics of the Dog. E Ostrander, E. and Ruvinsky, A. ISBN: 9781845939403 (2012)
Merck Veterinary Manual. Aiello, S.E. and Moses, M.A. (ed) ISBN: 0911910506 (2013) Online
Witschi, E. (1962) Development: Rat. In: Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development. Altman, P. L. , and D. S. Dittmer, ed. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington DC, pp. 304-314.

Links: estrous cycle | Category:Deer

Historic Embryology
1897 Pig \| 1900 Chicken \| 1901 Lungfish \| 1904 Sand Lizard \| 1905 Rabbit \| 1906 Deer \| 1907 Tarsiers \| 1908 Human \| 1909 Northern Lapwing \| 1909 South American and African Lungfish \| 1910 Salamander \| 1951 Frog \| Embryology History \| Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

Comparative analysis of the merino sheep and Iberian red deer abomasum during prenatal development^[2] "The aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the abomasum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of the sheep and 50 red deer from the first prenatal stages until birth. To compare similar periods of gestation in both species, we calculate the percentages of gestation. The appearance of the abomasum was earlier in the red deer (22% gestation) than in the sheep (25% gestation). Throughout development the epithelium happened sequentially, being of the types pseudostratified to simple cylindrical. This important modification was earlier in the red deer than the sheep. At 46% gestation in red deer and 50% in sheep, gastric pits were observed on the surface of abomasal folds. Our studies suggest a close link between the initial formation of these pseudoglandular structures and the clear separation of lamina propria and submucosa separated by de muscularis mucosae. At 54% gestation in red deer and at 60% in sheep, in the bottom of these pits the first outlines of glands were distinguishable. Finally, the presence of neuroendocrine and glial cells were detected in deer at earlier stages than in sheep."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Deer Embryology \| Deer Development

Older papers
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table. See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

Embryo Development

Plate 1

Plate 2

Plate 3

References

↑ Sakurai T. Normal Plates of the Development of the Deer Embryo (cervus capreolus). (1906) Vol. 6 in series by Keibel F. Normal plates of the development of vertebrates (Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere) Fisher, Jena., Germany.
↑ Franco A, Masot J & Redondo E. (2017). Comparative analysis of the merino sheep and Iberian red deer abomasum during prenatal development. Anim. Sci. J. , 88, 1575-1587. PMID: 28422357 DOI.

Reviews

Articles

Yanagawa Y, Matsuura Y, Suzuki M, Saga S, Okuyama H, Fukui D, Bandou G, Katagiri S, Takahashi Y & Tsubota T. (2009). Fetal age estimation of Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) using ultrasonography during early pregnancy. J. Reprod. Dev. , 55, 143-8. PMID: 19106485 DOI.

Masot AJ, Franco AJ & Redondo E. (2007). Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the abomasum of red deer during prenatal development. J. Anat. , 211, 376-86. PMID: 17645454 DOI.

Terms

abomasum - (maw, rennet-bag, reed tripe) is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants that secretes rennet.
Hokkaido sika deer - (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Deer Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Deer_Development

What Links Here?

[Sakurai1906-1] Sakurai T. Normal Plates of the Development of the Deer Embryo (cervus capreolus). (1906) Vol. 6 in series by Keibel F. Normal plates of the development of vertebrates (Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere) Fisher, Jena., Germany.

[PMID28422357-2] Franco A, Masot J & Redondo E. (2017). Comparative analysis of the merino sheep and Iberian red deer abomasum during prenatal development. Anim. Sci. J. , 88, 1575-1587. PMID: 28422357 DOI.

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