Chicken Development

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Introduction

Chicken embryo (day 12)

The chicken (taxon-Gallus Gallus gallus) embryo develops and hatches in 20-21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. Historically the chicken embryo was one of the first embryos studied, readily available and easy to incubate, embryo development can be directly observed by cutting a small window in the egg shell. A key to this model organism study was the establishment of a staging atlas by Hamburger & Hamilton in 1951 [1], which allowed specifc developmental landmarks to be seen and correlated with experimental manipulations of development. This much cited paper included images of all key stages and was more recently republished in the journal Developmental Dynamics (1993), for a new generation of avian researchers. Probably just as important has been the recent chicken genome sequencing, providing a resource to extend our knowledge of this excellent developmental model.

Fertilized eggs can be easily maintained in humidified incubators and during early stages of development the embryo floats on to of the egg yolk that it is using for nutrition. As the embryo grows it sinks into, or below the, yolk. The regular appearance of somites allowed early experimenters to acurately stage the embryo. The embryo was accessible and easy to manipulate (limb grafts/removal etc) that were informative about developmental processes. Chicken cells and tissues (neural ganglia/fragments) are also easy to grow in tissue culture. The discovery that quail cells have a different nuclear appearance meant that transplanted cells (chick/quail chimeras) could be tracked during development. For example, LeDourian's studies showed how neural crest cells migrate widely throughout the embryo.


Avian Incubation Periods  
Bird Days
Budgerigar 18
Chicken 21
Duck 28
Finch 14
Goose 28
Guinea fowl 28
Muscovy duck 35
Parrot 26
Pheasant 24
Pigeon 18
Quail 16
Swan 35
Turkey 28


chicken

Chicken Stages

Chicken stages - Hamburger & Hamilton staged the chicken embryo in 1951. The original paper had approx 25 citations between 1955 - 59, while in the year 1991 alone there were over 300 citations. Series of Embryonic Chicken Growth. J. Morphology, 88 49 - 92 (1951). Atlas recently republished by J.R. Sanes in Developmental Dynamics 195 229-275 (1993).


The Hamburger Hamilton Stages are most commonly used series for chicken staging. Note that there was also an earlier Witschi staging and an even older 1900 Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere - Gallus domesticus (Normal Plates of the Development of the Chicken Embryo} by Franz Keibel and Karl Abraham.

Normal Plates of the Development of the Chicken Embryo} (1900)


Links: Chicken Stages | PDF Poster- Hamburger Hamilton Stages | 2006 reproduction of the original paper

Some Recent Findings

  • 4D fluorescent imaging of embryonic quail development[2] "Traditionally, our understanding of developmental biology has been based on the fixation and study of embryonic samples. Detailed microscopic scrutiny of static specimens at varying ages allowed for anatomical assessment of tissue development. The advent of confocal and two-photon excitation (2PE) microscopy enables researchers to acquire volumetric images in three dimensions (x, y, and z) plus time (t). Here, we present techniques for acquisition and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) time-lapse data. Both confocal microscopy and 2PE microscopy techniques are used. Data processing for tiled image stitching and time-lapse analysis is also discussed. The development of a transgenic Japanese quail system, as discussed here, has provided an embryonic model that is more easily accessible than mammalian models and more efficient to breed than the classic avian model, the chicken."

Gallus gallus

Taxonomy Id: 9031

Preferred common name: chicken

Rank: species

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2

Other names: dwarf Leghorn chickens (includes), red jungle fowl (includes), chickens (common name), Gallus domestics (misnomer), Gallus galls domesticus (misnomer)

Lineage (abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Archosauria; Aves; Neognathae; Galliformes; Phasianidae; Phasianinae; Gallus

Other Chicken Atlases

Vertebrate and Invertebrate Embryos (7th Edition) G.C. Schoenwolf, Prentice Hall, New Jersey

An Atlas of Embryology (1975) W.H. Freeman and B. Bracegirdle, Heinemann Educational Books, UK.

This is an ATLAS (no description of development) , basically reprinted from the original 1963 edition.

Photos with labelled diagrams covering Amphioxus (worm) Frog, Chicken.

An Atlas for Staging Mammalian and Chick Embryos (1987) H. Bultler and B.H. Juurlink, CRC Press Inc., Florida

This ATLAS is not a complete series of development but has interesting comparisons of species.

Mostly photos of embryos with a few drawn diagrams and a series of staging correlation graphs.

Bird Evolution

Birds and Dinosaurs? as quoted in a Curent Biology review "...abundant and ever increasing evidence places birds as one surviving lineage of the diverse clade Dinosauria"[3][4]

Chicken Genomics

The first draft of the chicken genome was publicly released in March, 2004. There are a number of sites that have begun looking into establishing chicken genomics partly due to its powerful history as a model of vertebrate development that is easy to observe, manipulate and is also cheap. (see also NIH Proposal for Chicken Genomics | NCBI Chicken Genome Resources)

A summary of chicken genome resources has recently been identified in a review in Developmental Dynamics by Antin PB and Konieczka JH.[5]

Chicken Sex Determination

In chicken development sex determination depends on a ZZ male/ZW female mechanism.

This differs from mammalian sex determination which is based upon testis expression of an Sry gene in somatic supporting Sertoli cells.

In the gonad, the coelomic epithelium contributes only to non-steroidogenic interstitial cells and nephrogenous mesenchyme contributes both Sertoli cells and steroidogenic cells.

Genital

Chicken primordial germ cell migration model.jpg

Primordial Germ Cell Migration Model[6]

HH12–13 - yolk sac circulation courses in loop (red arrows) to enter the embryo via the heart. The majority of PGCs (green dots) localized axially at the border between the area opaca and pellucida, where the sinus terminalis converged in the anterior vitelline veins. HH14–16 - PGCs (green dots) circulated effectively towards the embryo via the sinus terminalis and the anterior vitelline veins towards the heart. Then PGCs traffic via the aorta to the caudal part of the embryo and become lodged in the genital ridges.


Chicken Heart

Note these are Hamburger Hamilton Stages of chicken development, see also Heart 3D reconstruction.

Chicken Somitogenesis

Chicken-somitogenesis.jpg

Chick somitogenesis oscillator[7]

Somitogenesis 01 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Somitogenesis
Page | Play


Chicken body elongation model.jpg

Chicken body elongation model[8]

Chicken Limb

Limb hairy2 expression model.jpg

Limb Hairy2 Expression Model[9]

Hairy2 is a "molecular oscillator" involved in both somite and limb development.

Historic Studies

The Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 by Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883)

The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end

Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 - Figures

References

  1. <pubmed>1304821</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>22046043</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>16713939</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>16893476</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>15739221</pubmed>| Developmental Dynamics
  6. <pubmed>23213395</pubmed>| PMC3507194 | Biol Open
  7. <pubmed>20184730</pubmed>
  8. <pubmed>23118616</pubmed>| PLoS Biol.
  9. <pubmed>23213390</pubmed>| PMC3507187 | Biol Open

Search Pubmed

Search Pubmed: chicken development

Additional Images

Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12
Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer


External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

  • Developmental Dynamics - Chicken Special Issue (2004) | Poster- Hamburger Hamilton Stages | Republished Hamburger Hamilton Stages Paper
  • Developmental Biology - Quail-Chick Chimeras
  • Nicole Le Douarin pioneered the use of quail-chick chimeras to study the developmental fate of cells in the bird embryo. The videotape Nicole Le Douarin gave us permission to digitize is titled, "Quail-Chick Chimeras in Development of the Nervous System and Immune System" and it was made in 1987. These digital video sequences and still images come from the first part of her videotape. These chimeras were a key to our understanding cell migration (eg neural crest) in the embryo.
    • Quicktime movie sequence 1 (477k) showing newly hatched quail-chick chimeras; white feathers are chick and dark, pigmented feathers are quail.
    • Quicktime movie sequence 2 (1.3 MB) Sequence showing the preparation of the chick host; removing a portion of host's neural tube and neural crest.
    • Quicktime movie sequence 3 (1.4 MB) Sequence showing the removal and "cleaning off" of donor quail neural tube and neural crest.
    • Quicktime movie sequence 4 (1.5 MB) Sequence showing transplantation and grafting of donor quail neural tube and neural crest into the chick host; at the end of this sequence, you see the host chick embryo 5 hours later with its healed in graft.
  • Developmental Biology- Laurie Iten's Serially Sectioned Frog and Chick Embryos

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Chicken Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Chicken_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G