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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Chick E12.jpg|thumb|Chicken embryo (day 12)]]The chicken (taxon -''Gallus gallus'') embryo develops and hatches in 20 to 21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. Historically, the chicken embryo was one of the first embryos studied, readily available and easy to incubate, embryo development can be directly observed by cutting a small window in the egg shell. A key to this model organism study was the establishment of a staging atlas by Hamburger & Hamilton in 1951{{#pmid:1304821|1304821}}, which allowed specifc developmental landmarks to be seen and correlated with experimental manipulations of development. This much cited paper included images of all key stages and was more recently republished in the journal Developmental Dynamics (1993), for a new generation of avian researchers. Probably just as important has been the recent chicken genome sequencing, providing a resource to extend our knowledge of this excellent developmental model.
[[File:Chick E12.jpg|thumb|Chicken embryo (day 12)]]The chicken (taxon -''Gallus gallus'') embryo develops and hatches in 20 to 21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. Historically, the chicken embryo was one of the first embryos studied, readily available and easy to incubate, embryo development can be directly observed by cutting a small window in the egg shell. A key to this model organism study was the establishment of a staging atlas by Hamburger & Hamilton in 1951{{#pmid:1304821|PMID1304821}}, which allowed specifc developmental landmarks to be seen and correlated with experimental manipulations of development. This much cited paper included images of all key stages and was more recently republished in the journal Developmental Dynamics (1993), for a new generation of avian researchers. Probably just as important has been the recent chicken genome sequencing, providing a resource to extend our knowledge of this excellent developmental model.





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Introduction

Chicken embryo (day 12)

The chicken (taxon -Gallus gallus) embryo develops and hatches in 20 to 21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. Historically, the chicken embryo was one of the first embryos studied, readily available and easy to incubate, embryo development can be directly observed by cutting a small window in the egg shell. A key to this model organism study was the establishment of a staging atlas by Hamburger & Hamilton in 1951[1], which allowed specifc developmental landmarks to be seen and correlated with experimental manipulations of development. This much cited paper included images of all key stages and was more recently republished in the journal Developmental Dynamics (1993), for a new generation of avian researchers. Probably just as important has been the recent chicken genome sequencing, providing a resource to extend our knowledge of this excellent developmental model.


Fertilized eggs can be easily maintained in humidified incubators and during early stages of development the embryo floats on to of the egg yolk that it is using for nutrition. As the embryo grows it sinks into, or below the, yolk. The regular appearance of somites allowed early experimenters to acurately stage the embryo. The embryo was accessible and easy to manipulate (limb grafts/removal etc) that were informative about developmental processes. Chicken cells and tissues (neural ganglia/fragments) are also easy to grow in tissue culture. The discovery that quail cells have a different nuclear appearance meant that transplanted cells (chick/quail chimeras) could be tracked during development. For example, LeDourian's studies showed how neural crest cells migrate widely throughout the embryo.


This collapsible and sortable table compares the chicken incubation period with other bird species.
Avian Incubation Periods  
Bird Days
Budgerigar 18
Chicken 21
Duck 28
Finch 14
Goose 28
Guinea fowl 28
Muscovy duck 35
Parrot 26
Pheasant 24
Pigeon 18
Quail 16
Swan 35
Turkey 28


chicken

Chicken Stages

Chicken stages - Hamburger & Hamilton staged the chicken embryo in 1951. The Hamburger Hamilton Stages are most commonly used series for chicken staging. The original paper had approx 25 citations between 1955 - 59, while in the year 1991 alone there were over 300 citations. Series of Embryonic Chicken Growth. J. Morphology, 88 49 - 92 (1951). Atlas recently republished by J.R. Sanes in Developmental Dynamics 195 229-275 (1993).

Hamburger Hamilton Stages (1951)  
Hamburger Hamilton Stages
Age
Identification of Stages   (Chicken Development)
Before Laying
Early cleavage
3.5-4.5 hr Shell membrane of egg formed in isthmus of oviduct
During cleavage
Germ wall formed from marginal periblast
Late cleavage
4.5-24.0 hr Shell of egg formed in uterus
After Laying
1
Preprimitive streak (embryonic shield)
2
6-7 hr Initial primitive streak, 0.3-0.5 mm long
3
12-13 hr Intermediate primitive streak
4
18-19 hr Definitive primitive streak, ±1.88 mm long
5
19-22 hr Head process (notochord)
6
23-25 hr Head fold
7
23-26 hr 1 somite; neural folds
7 to 8-
ca. 23-26 hr 1-3 somites; coelom
8
26-29 hr 4 somites; blood islands
9
29-33 hr 7 somites; primary optic vesicles
9+ to 10-
ca. 33 hr 8-9 somites; anterior amniotic fold
10
33-38 hr 10 somites; 3 primary brain vesicles
11
40-45 hr 13 somites; 5 neuromeres of hindbrain
12
45-49 hr 16 somites; telencephalon
13
48-52 hr 19 somites; atrioventricular canal
13+ to 14-
ca. 50-52 hr 20-21 somites; tail bud
14
50-53 hr 22 somites; trunk flexure; visceral arches I and II, clefts 1 and 2
14+ to 15-
ca. 50-54 hr 23 somites; premandibular head cavities
15
50-55 hr 24-27 somites; visceral arch III, cleft 3
16
51-56 hr 26-28 somites; wing bud; posterior amniotic fold
17
52-64 hr 29-32 somites; leg bud; epiphysis
18
3 da 30-36 somites extending beyond level of leg bud; allantois
19
3.0-3.5 da 37- 40 somites extending into tail; maxillary process
20
3.0-3.5 da 40-43 somites; rotation completed; eye pigment
21
3.5 da 43-44 somites; visceral arch IV, cleft 4
22
3.5-4.0 da Somites extend to tip of tail
23
4 da Dorsal contour from hindbrain to tail is a curved line
24
4.5 da Toe plate
25
4.5-5.0 da Elbow and knee joints
26
5 da 1st 3 toes
27
5.0-5.5 da Beak
28
5.5-6.0 da 3 digits, 4 toes
29
6.0-6.5 da Rudiment of 5th toe
30
6.5-7.0 da Feather germs; scleral papillae; egg tooth
31
7.0-7.5 da Web between 1st and 2nd digits
32
7.5 da Anterior tip of mandible has reached beak
33
7.5-8.0 da Web on radial margin of wing and 1st digit
34
8 da Nictitating membrane
35
8.5-9.0 da Phalanges in toes
36
10 da Length of 3rd toe from tip to middle of metatarsal joint = 5.4 ±0.3 mm; length of beak from anterior angle of nostril to tip of bill = 2.5mm; primordium of comb; labial groove; uropygial gland
37
11 da Length of 3rd toe = 7.4 ±0.3mm; length of beak = 3.0 mm
38
12 da Length of 3rd toe = 8.4 ± 0.3 mm; length of beak = 3.1 mm
39
13 da Length of 3rd toe = 9.8 ± 0.3 mm; length of beak = 3.5 mm
40
14 da Length of beak = 4.0 mm; length of 3rd toe = 12.7 ± 0.5 mm
41
15 da Length of beak from anterior angle of nostril to tip of upper bill = 4.5 mm; length of 3rd toe = 14.9 ± 0.8 mm
42
16 da Length of beak = 4.8 mm; length of 3rd toe = 16.7 ± 0.8 mm
43
17 da Length of beak = 5.0 mm; length of 3rd toe = 18.6 ± 0.8 mm
44
18 da Length of beak = 5.7 mm; length of 3rd toe = 20.4 ± 0.8 mm
45
19-20 da Yolk sac half enclosed in body cavity; chorio-allantoic membrane contains less blood and is "sticky" in living embryo
46
20-21 da Newly-hatched chick

Hamburger V. and Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. (1951) J Morphol. 88(1): 49-92. PMID 24539719 PDF

Original 1951 paper (and all data) was republished in 1992. <pubmed>1304821</pubmed> PDF

Note that there was also an earlier Witschi staging, and a 1900 staging series by Franz Keibel and Karl Abraham[2], and an earlier (1883) series by Foster, Balfour, Sedgwick, and Heape.[3]


Normal Plates of the Development of the Chicken Embryo (1900)

Links: Chicken Stages | Hamburger Hamilton | Witschi | 1900 | 1883 | PDF Poster- Hamburger Hamilton Stages | 2006 reproduction of the original paper

Some Recent Findings

  • FGF8 coordinates tissue elongation and cell epithelialization during early kidney tubulogenesis[4] "When a tubular structure forms during early embryogenesis, tubular elongation and lumen formation (epithelialization) proceed simultaneously in a spatiotemporally coordinated manner. We here demonstrate, using the Wolffian duct (WD) of early chicken embryos, that this coordination is regulated by the expression of FGF8, which shifts posteriorly during body axis elongation. FGF8 acts as a chemoattractant on the leader cells of the elongating WD and prevents them from epithelialization, whereas static ('rear') cells that receive progressively less FGF8 undergo epithelialization to form a lumen. Thus, FGF8 acts as a binary switch that distinguishes tubular elongation from lumen formation. The posteriorly shifting FGF8 is also known to regulate somite segmentation, suggesting that multiple types of tissue morphogenesis are coordinately regulated by macroscopic changes in body growth." Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • 4D fluorescent imaging of embryonic quail development[5] "Traditionally, our understanding of developmental biology has been based on the fixation and study of embryonic samples. Detailed microscopic scrutiny of static specimens at varying ages allowed for anatomical assessment of tissue development. The advent of confocal and two-photon excitation (2PE) microscopy enables researchers to acquire volumetric images in three dimensions (x, y, and z) plus time (t). Here, we present techniques for acquisition and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) time-lapse data. Both confocal microscopy and 2PE microscopy techniques are used. Data processing for tiled image stitching and time-lapse analysis is also discussed. The development of a transgenic Japanese quail system, as discussed here, has provided an embryonic model that is more easily accessible than mammalian models and more efficient to breed than the classic avian model, the chicken."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Chicken Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Chicken Embryology</pubmed>

Gallus gallus

Taxonomy Id: 9031

Preferred common name: chicken

Rank: species

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2

Other names: dwarf Leghorn chickens (includes), red jungle fowl (includes), chickens (common name), Gallus domestics (misnomer), Gallus galls domesticus (misnomer)

Lineage (abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Archosauria; Aves; Neognathae; Galliformes; Phasianidae; Phasianinae; Gallus

Chicken Movies

Chicken movie 1961.jpg
 ‎‎Chicken (1961)
Page | Play
Mesoderm migration movie 1 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Mesoderm Move
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Chicken Embryo Somite1-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Chicken Somite
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Chick Heart 001-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Normal Heart
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Chick Heart 002-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Abnormal Heart 1
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Chick Heart 002-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Abnormal Heart 2
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ChickenGITmotility-icon.jpg
 ‎‎GIT Motility
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Neural crest migration Chicken Head (movies overview)
Chicken-neural-crest-migration-01.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 1
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-02.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 2
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-03.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 3
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-04.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 4
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-05.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 5
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-06.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 6
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Chicken-neural-crest-migration-07.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 7
Page | Play
Chicken Placode
Chicken Placode Movie 6 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 6
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Chicken Placode Movie 1 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 1
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Chicken Placode Movie 2 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 2
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Chicken Placode Movie 3 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 3
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Chicken Placode Movie 4 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 4
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Chicken Placode Movie 5 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 5
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Chicken Placode Movie 7 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 7
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Chicken Placode Movie 8 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 8
Page | Play
Chicken Placode Movie 9 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Placode 9
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Links: Movies

Other Chicken Atlases

Vertebrate and Invertebrate Embryos (7th Edition) G.C. Schoenwolf, Prentice Hall, New Jersey

An Atlas of Embryology (1975) W.H. Freeman and B. Bracegirdle, Heinemann Educational Books, UK.

This is an ATLAS (no description of development) , basically reprinted from the original 1963 edition.

Photos with labelled diagrams covering Amphioxus (worm) Frog, Chicken.

An Atlas for Staging Mammalian and Chick Embryos (1987) H. Bultler and B.H. Juurlink, CRC Press Inc., Florida

This ATLAS is not a complete series of development but has interesting comparisons of species.

Mostly photos of embryos with a few drawn diagrams and a series of staging correlation graphs.

Bird Evolution

Birds and Dinosaurs? as quoted in a Curent Biology review "...abundant and ever increasing evidence places birds as one surviving lineage of the diverse clade Dinosauria"[6][7]

Chicken Genomics

The first draft of the chicken genome was publicly released in March, 2004. There are a number of sites that have begun looking into establishing chicken genomics partly due to its powerful history as a model of vertebrate development that is easy to observe, manipulate and is also cheap. (see also NIH Proposal for Chicken Genomics | NCBI Chicken Genome Resources)

A summary of chicken genome resources has recently been identified in a review in Developmental Dynamics by Antin PB and Konieczka JH.[8]

Chicken Sex Determination

In chicken development sex determination depends on a ZZ male/ZW female mechanism.

This differs from mammalian sex determination which is based upon testis expression of an Sry gene in somatic supporting Sertoli cells.

In the gonad, the coelomic epithelium contributes only to non-steroidogenic interstitial cells and nephrogenous mesenchyme contributes both Sertoli cells and steroidogenic cells.

Genital

Chicken primordial germ cell migration model.jpg

Primordial Germ Cell Migration Model[9]

HH12–13 - yolk sac circulation courses in loop (red arrows) to enter the embryo via the heart. The majority of PGCs (green dots) localized axially at the border between the area opaca and pellucida, where the sinus terminalis converged in the anterior vitelline veins. HH14–16 - PGCs (green dots) circulated effectively towards the embryo via the sinus terminalis and the anterior vitelline veins towards the heart. Then PGCs traffic via the aorta to the caudal part of the embryo and become lodged in the genital ridges.


Chicken Heart

Note these are Hamburger Hamilton Stages of chicken development, see also Heart 3D reconstruction.


Chicken Cardiac Stages

From review[10]

  • HH 8 (26–29 hours, 4–6 somites)
  • HH 9 (29–33 hours, 7–9 somites) - Cardiac neural crest cells begin the process of EMT and emigrate from the neural tube.
  • HH 10–11 (33–45 hours, 10–15 somites) - Primary heart tube
  • HH 12-13- (45–49 hours, 16–19 somites) - dextral-looping phase of looping completed at stage 12.
  • HH 13+ (50–52 hours, 20–21 somites) - c-shaped heart loop transformed into the s-shaped heart loop. Cardiac neural crest has stopped producing cells.

Chicken Somitogenesis

Somitogenesis 01 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Somitogenesis
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Chicken Embryo Somite1-icon.jpg
 ‎‎Chicken Somite
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Gene expression Somite timing

Chicken-somitogenesis.jpg

Chick somitogenesis oscillator[11]


Chicken body elongation model.jpg

Chicken body elongation model[12]

Chicken Limb

Limb hairy2 expression model.jpg

Limb Hairy2 Expression Model[13]

Hairy2 is a "molecular oscillator" involved in both somite and limb development.


Chicken limb gene expression 03.jpg

Chicken stage 21 to 27 wing bud Tbx2 and Tbx3 expression[14]


Head

The following gene expression data is from a study of different head regions during development.[15]

  • Frontonasal Prominence - CASH1/ASCL1, POSTN, OGN, CYP26A1, NR2E1, and SCARA5.
    • Olfactory epithelium SP8, EYA2, and SIX3
  • Maxillary/Trigeminal Ganglion - SOX10, TAGLN3.
  • Mandibular - DLX1, HAND2 (highest), LHX8, MSX2, PITX2, and TWIST2.
    • Mandibular/maxillary prominences differentially expressed - BETA3, HAND2, and MSX2.

Historic Studies

The Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 by Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883)

The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end

Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 - Figures

References

  1. Hamburger V & Hamilton HL. (1992). A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951. Dev. Dyn. , 195, 231-72. PMID: 1304821 DOI.
  2. Keibel F. and Abraham K. Normal Plates of the Development of the Chicken Embryo (Gallus domesticus). (1900) Vol. 2 in series by Keibel F. Normal plates of the development of vertebrates (Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere) Fisher, Jena., Germany.
  3. Foster M. Balfour FM. Sedgwick A. and Heape W. The Elements of Embryology (1883) Vol. 1. (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co.
  4. Atsuta Y & Takahashi Y. (2015). FGF8 coordinates tissue elongation and cell epithelialization during early kidney tubulogenesis. Development , 142, 2329-37. PMID: 26130757 DOI.
  5. Canaria CA & Lansford R. (2011). 4D fluorescent imaging of embryonic quail development. Cold Spring Harb Protoc , 2011, 1291-4. PMID: 22046043 DOI.
  6. Clarke J & Middleton K. (2006). Bird evolution. Curr. Biol. , 16, R350-4. PMID: 16713939 DOI.
  7. Lindow BE & Dyke GJ. (2006). Bird evolution in the Eocene: climate change in Europe and a Danish fossil fauna. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , 81, 483-99. PMID: 16893476 DOI.
  8. Antin PB & Konieczka JH. (2005). Genomic resources for chicken. Dev. Dyn. , 232, 877-82. PMID: 15739221 DOI.
  9. De Melo Bernardo A, Sprenkels K, Rodrigues G, Noce T & Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. (2012). Chicken primordial germ cells use the anterior vitelline veins to enter the embryonic circulation. Biol Open , 1, 1146-52. PMID: 23213395 DOI.
  10. Martinsen BJ. (2005). Reference guide to the stages of chick heart embryology. Dev. Dyn. , 233, 1217-37. PMID: 15986452 DOI.
  11. Tenin G, Wright D, Ferjentsik Z, Bone R, McGrew MJ & Maroto M. (2010). The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites. BMC Dev. Biol. , 10, 24. PMID: 20184730 DOI.
  12. Olivera-Martinez I, Harada H, Halley PA & Storey KG. (2012). Loss of FGF-dependent mesoderm identity and rise of endogenous retinoid signalling determine cessation of body axis elongation. PLoS Biol. , 10, e1001415. PMID: 23118616 DOI.
  13. Sheeba CJ, Andrade RP & Palmeirim I. (2012). Joint interpretation of AER/FGF and ZPA/SHH over time and space underlies hairy2 expression in the chick limb. Biol Open , 1, 1102-10. PMID: 23213390 DOI.
  14. Fisher M, Downie H, Welten MC, Delgado I, Bain A, Planzer T, Sherman A, Sang H & Tickle C. (2011). Comparative analysis of 3D expression patterns of transcription factor genes and digit fate maps in the developing chick wing. PLoS ONE , 6, e18661. PMID: 21526123 DOI.
  15. Buchtová M, Kuo WP, Nimmagadda S, Benson SL, Geetha-Loganathan P, Logan C, Au-Yeung T, Chiang E, Fu K & Richman JM. (2010). Whole genome microarray analysis of chicken embryo facial prominences. Dev. Dyn. , 239, 574-91. PMID: 19941351 DOI.

Reviews

Articles

Korn MJ & Cramer KS. (2007). Windowing chicken eggs for developmental studies. J Vis Exp , , 306. PMID: 18989413 DOI.

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Chicken Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Chicken_Development

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