Cat Development

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Introduction

Cat with 6 toes

Cats (Felis catus) are seasonally polyestrous animals that have multiple estrous cycles only during certain periods of the year.

The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007[1] and has been recently annotated in August 2014.[2]

Cat Links: Estrous Cycle | Toxoplasmosis | Category:Cat
    Historic Embryology: 1924|Development Overview | 1932 Cat Pharyngeal Tonsil



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Some Recent Findings

  • Follicular growth monitoring in the female cat during estrus[3] "This study was designed to describe follicular dynamics by transabdominal ultrasonography. Secondly, the stage of follicular growth was associated to behavioral and vaginal changes. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed during nine anovulatory and 12 ovulatory cycles. Forty-eight follicles were followed during anovulatory cycles: on the first day of estrus behavior, 4.8 ± 0.2 follicles (2 to 7 per female) of 2.3 ± 0.01 mm mean diameter were present. Follicular growth continued at a rate of 0.2 ± 0.04 mm per day. At least one follicle in the cohort reached a diameter greater than 3.0 mm."
  • Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats[4] "The female urogenital folds budded from each side of the genital tubercle and, gradually extended to the tip of the genital tubercle by the 6.8 cm stage in crown-rump length. Then, the well-developed urogenital folds ensheathed completely the genital tubercle to form the prepuce of clitoris and the labia, flanking the external opening of vagina as the folds of skin which were equivalent to the labia minora in humans. The genital swellings known to become the labia majora in humans were clearly recognized in the caudolateral region of the genital tubercle during the fetal stage. These swellings became flat and obscure after birth. Thus, in cats the genital swellings did not join to the formation of the labia in the same way as in humans. The sex difference in the external genitalia was first observed at the 3.2-3.3 cm stages. In the male, the anogenital raphe appeared and the caudal portion of the genital swellings moved and fused each other at the caudal region of the genital tubercle. In the female, both features were not easy to observe."
More recent papers
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Search term: Cat Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Cat Embryology</pubmed>

Developmental Timeline

Cat oocyte calcium concentration[5]

Twenty-two stages have been described for the prenatal development of the domestic cat.[6]


The following data on early development is based upon the time after copulation[7]

oviduct embryo development

  • 64 hours - 1 to 4 cells (17 of 20; 85.0%)
  • 76 hours - 5 to 8 cells (18 of 28; 64.3% )
  • 100 hours - 9 to 16 cells (14 of 24; 58.3%)
  • 124 hours - morulae (15 of 21; 71.4% )

uterine embryo development

  • 148 hours - compact morulae or early blastocysts
  • days 12-14 - implantation occurs

Historic Development

1924 Cat Development: 1. Ovum of the Cat | 2. Process of Cleavage | 3. Formation of the Blastocyst | 4. Discussion | Plates | cat

Cat Ovary

Ovary- histology overview.jpg

Oocyte and Spermatozoa

The following scanning electron micrographs are from a recent paper on fresh and frozen cat oocytes.[8] Scale bar is 10 microns.

Cat oocyte zona pellucida 01.jpg Cat oocyte zona pellucida 02.jpg

Cat spermatozoa bound to oocyte zona pellucida.jpg

Genetics

Lineage: Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Feliformia; Felidae; Felinae; Felis; Felis catus

The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007[1] and has been recently annotated in August 2014.[2]


  • Mitochondria - entire mitochondrial genome 17,009 bp has been sequenced.


Links: Genome Mitochondrial Genome

Early Development

Hill JP. and Tribe M. The early development of the cat (Felis domestica). (1924) Quart. J. Microsc. Sci., 68: 513-602.

Hill and Tribe in 1924[9] wrote a detailed description of oocyte to blastocyst development in the cat.


Placenta

  • zonary placenta without cotyledons
  • relatively small marginal hematoma
  • materno-fetal barrier is endothelial-chorial
  • superficially invasive into the endometrium but not into the myometrium
  • placental labryrinth has characteristic giant cells

Placental cord

  • two pairs of vessels in the cord
    • two arteries and two veins
  • allantoic duct
  • cord average length 2 to 3 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm in diameter
  • inserts at the margin of the zonary organ
  • no spirals, no vitelline duct, and no additional vessels or structures
Links: Comparative Placentation - Cat

Additional Images

Historic Images

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>17975172</pubmed>
  2. 2.0 2.1 Tamazian, G. etal., Annotated features of domestic cat - Felis cats genome. GigaScience 2014, 3:13
  3. <pubmed>21798582</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>19262023</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>20003339</pubmed>| Reprod Biol Endocrinol.
  6. <pubmed>11841356</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed>7803616</pubmed>| PDF
  8. <pubmed>17908298</pubmed>| Acta Vet Scand.
  9. Hill, J. P., and Tribe, M. 1924. The early development of the cat (Felis domestica). Quart. J. Microsc. Sci, 68, 513-602.

Articles

<pubmed>19151510</pubmed> <pubmed>19262023</pubmed> <pubmed>18405438</pubmed> <pubmed>12606460</pubmed> <pubmed>11841356</pubmed> Hill, J. P., and Tribe, M. 1924. The early development of the cat (Felis domestica). Quart. J. Microsc. Sci, 68, 513-602.

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Cat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cat_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G