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== Introduction ==
[[File:Endochondral_bone.jpg|thumb|300px|Developing Knee]]
[[File:Endochondral_bone.jpg|thumb|300px|Developing Knee]]
== Introduction ==
Our adult skeleton forms from a larger number of developmental elements that are replaced and fuse. In development there are 2 separate signaling pathways for pattern formation and the formation of bone itself. Furthermore bone formation can be divided into 2 specific forms that occur in anatomically different regions. This practical class will describe the development and structure of bone and finish with a study of abnormalities associated with bone.
Our adult skeleton forms from a larger number of developmental elements that are replaced and fuse. In development there are 2 separate signaling pathways for pattern formation and the formation of bone itself. Furthermore bone formation can be divided into 2 specific forms that occur in anatomically different regions. This practical class will describe the development and structure of bone and finish with a study of abnormalities associated with bone.



Revision as of 17:35, 5 September 2011

Introduction

Developing Knee

Our adult skeleton forms from a larger number of developmental elements that are replaced and fuse. In development there are 2 separate signaling pathways for pattern formation and the formation of bone itself. Furthermore bone formation can be divided into 2 specific forms that occur in anatomically different regions. This practical class will describe the development and structure of bone and finish with a study of abnormalities associated with bone.

The image shown to the left shows a histological section through the developing lower limb at the level of a developing joint (knee), surrounding the developing bone is cartilage, skeletal muscles and connective tissue of the limb.

Lecture - Musculoskeletal Development and notes on Bone Development.

Musculoskeletal Links: Introduction | mesoderm | somitogenesis | limb | cartilage | bone | bone timeline | bone marrow | shoulder | pelvis | axial skeleton | skull | joint | skeletal muscle | muscle timeline | tendon | diaphragm | Lecture - Musculoskeletal | Lecture Movie | musculoskeletal abnormalities | limb abnormalities | developmental hip dysplasia | cartilage histology | bone histology | Skeletal Muscle Histology | Category:Musculoskeletal
Historic Embryology - Musculoskeletal  
1853 Bone | 1885 Sphenoid | 1902 - Pubo-femoral Region | Spinal Column and Back | Body Segmentation | Cranium | Body Wall, Ribs, and Sternum | Limbs | 1901 - Limbs | 1902 - Arm Development | 1906 Human Embryo Ossification | 1906 Lower limb Nerves and Muscle | 1907 - Muscular System | Skeleton and Limbs | 1908 Vertebra | 1908 Cervical Vertebra | 1909 Mandible | 1910 - Skeleton and Connective Tissues | Muscular System | Coelom and Diaphragm | 1913 Clavicle | 1920 Clavicle | 1921 - External body form | Connective tissues and skeletal | Muscular | Diaphragm | 1929 Rat Somite | 1932 Pelvis | 1940 Synovial Joints | 1943 Human Embryonic, Fetal and Circumnatal Skeleton | 1947 Joints | 1949 Cartilage and Bone | 1957 Chondrification Hands and Feet | 1968 Knee


Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

  • immature and mature cartilage forming cells located at articular cartilage regions.
  • Interstitial growth - occurs mainly in immature cartilage. Chondroblasts in existing cartilage divide and form small groups of cells (isogenous groups) which produce matrix to become separated from each other by a thin partition of matrix.
  • Appositional growth - occurs also in mature cartilage. Mesenchymal cells surrounding the cartilage in the deep part of the perichondrium (or the chondrogenic layer) differentiate into chondroblasts.

Histology - Cartilage



Endochondral ossification

Endochondral bone.jpg

Endochondral ossification slides: Developing bone | Bone, Developing (LS, Femur) Cat H&E

Blue Histology - endochondral | Dev Biology - endochondral ossification | endochondral ossification animation

Endochondral ossification.jpg Endochondral ossification 2.jpg

Ossification endochondral 1c.jpg Articular cartilage.jpg


Bone Histology: Cartilage Histology | Histology Stains | Histology | cartilage | bone | bone timeline
Compact bone Compact canals | Compact lamellae | compact bone - low unstained | compact bone - high unstained | compact bone - high unstained | compact - low | compact - low | compact - med | compact - high |
Trabecular bone trabecular | lamellar | trabecular - overview HE | trabecular - low HE | trabecular - med HE
Endochondral ossification primary ossification | endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification intramembranous - VG low | intramembranous - VG high | intramembranous - HE low | intramembranous - HE high


Human Fetal Head (12 week)

Fetal head medial.jpg Fetal head lateral.jpg

Meckel.jpg

Fetal head section.jpg

Histology Stains

Alizarin Red

  • an anthraquinone derivative used to identify calcium in tissue sections
  • calcium forms an Alizarin Red S-calcium complex in a chelation process and the end product is also birefringent.
  • reaction can also identify magnesium, manganese, barium, strontium, and iron may interfere
    • these elements usually in too low concentration to interfere with the staining

H&E

  • acronym for hematoxylin and eosin stain
  • hematoxylin - basic dye which colors basophilic structures with blue-purple hue (nucleus, DNA, RNA)
  • eosin Y - acidic alcohol-based which colors eosinophilic structures bright pink (cytoplasm, extracellular matrix, protein)

H&Van Gieson

  • Van Gieson's Stain is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin used for differential staining of collagen and other connective tissue.
    • Nuclei - stains brownish black to black
    • Collagen (fibrous connective tissue) - stains pink or deep red
    • Muscle, Cytoplasm, RBC and Fibrin - stains yellow


Links: Histology Stains

External Links

Other Textbooks

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Terms

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
  • canaliculus - (plural, canaliculi) small channel in the bone matrix in which an osteocyte process lies and communicates with other osteocytes and the Haversian canal.
  • haematopoiesis (Greek, haima = "blood"; poiesis = "to make") the process of blood cell formation.
  • Haversian canal - the central canal of an osteon (Haversian system) in compact bone, within which blood vessels and nerves travel throughout the bone.
  • Haversian system - (osteon) the historic name for the functional unit of compact bone. Consists of a central canal (Haversian canal) surrounded by lamellar bone matrix within which osteocytes reside.
  • Howship's lacuna - (resorptive bay) the historic name for the shallow bay or cavity lying directly under an osteoclast. This is the site of bone matrix resorption.
  • lacuna - (Latin, lacuna = “ditch, gap” diminutive form of lacus = “lake”) lacunae is the plural, cavity in bone or cartilage for cell.
  • lamellar bone - the highly organized strong bone matrix deposited in concentric sheets with a low proportion of osteocytes. Many collagen fibers parallel to each other in the same layer.
  • osteon - (Haversian system) the functional unit of compact bone. Consists of a central canal (Haversian canal) surrounded by lamellar bone matrix within which osteocytes reside.
  • resorptive bay - (Howship's lacuna) the shallow bay or cavity lying directly under an osteoclast. This is the site of bone matrix resorption.
  • suture - in the skull a form of articulation where the contiguous margins of the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
  • woven bone - the first deposited weaker bone matrix with many osteocytes and a matrix disorganized structure. Replaced by lamellar bone. Seen in developing, healing and bone disease.


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Cartilage Histology. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cartilage_Histology

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G