Cardiovascular System - Developmental Shunts: Difference between revisions

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Embryology - 16 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate
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Notice - Mark Hill

Currently this page is only a template and will be updated (this notice removed when completed).

Introduction

Week 8 Human embryo (stage 22) Ductus Venosus

Before birth there are three identified "shunts" in the mammalian cardiovascular system:

the foramen ovale, within the heart between the atria
the ductus arteriosus, within the aortic arch
the ductus venosus, within the liver

Historic Embryology - Cardiovascular
1902 Vena cava inferior \| 1905 Brain Blood Vessels \| 1909 Cervical Veins \| 1909 Dorsal aorta and umbilical veins \| 1912 Heart \| 1912 Human Heart \| 1914 Earliest Blood-Vessels \| 1915 Congenital Cardiac Disease \| 1915 Dura Venous Sinuses \| 1916 Blood cell origin \| 1916 Pars Membranacea Septi \| 1919 Lower Limb Arteries \| 1921 Human Brain Vascular \| 1921 Spleen \| 1922 Aortic-Arch System \| 1922 Pig Forelimb Arteries \| 1922 Chicken Pulmonary \| 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus \| 1923 Ductus Venosus \| 1925 Venous Development \| 1927 Stage 11 Heart \| 1928 Heart Blood Flow \| 1935 Aorta \| 1935 Venous valves \| 1938 Pars Membranacea Septi \| 1938 Foramen Ovale \| 1939 Atrio-Ventricular Valves \| 1940 Vena cava inferior \| 1940 Early Hematopoiesis \| 1941 Blood Formation \| 1942 Truncus and Conus Partitioning \| Ziegler Heart Models \| 1951 Heart Movie \| 1954 Week 9 Heart \| 1957 Cranial venous system \| 1959 Brain Arterial Anastomoses \| Historic Embryology Papers \| 2012 ECHO Meeting \| 2016 Cardiac Review \| Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

Prenatal cardiovascular shunts in amniotic vertebrates^[1] "During amniotic vertebrate development, the embryo and fetus employ a number of cardiovascular shunts. These shunts provide a right-to-left shunt of blood and are essential components of embryonic life ensuring proper blood circulation to developing organs and fetal gas exchanger, as well as bypassing the pulmonary circuit and the unventilated, fluid filled lungs. In this review we examine and compare the embryonic shunts available for fetal mammals and embryonic reptiles, including lizards, crocodilians, and birds. These groups have either a single ductus arteriosus (mammals) or paired ductus arteriosi that provide a right-to-left shunt of right ventricular output away from the unventilated lungs. The mammalian foramen ovale and the avian atrial foramina function as a right-to-left shunt of blood between the atria. The presence of atrial shunts in non-avian reptiles is unknown. Mammals have a venous shunt, the ductus venosus that diverts umbilical venous return away from the liver and towards the inferior vena cava and foramen ovale. Reptiles do not have a ductus venosus during the latter two thirds of development. While the fetal shunts are well characterized in numerous mammalian species, much less is known about the developmental physiology of the reptilian embryonic shunts. In the last years, the reactivity and the process of closure of the ductus arteriosus have been characterized in the chicken and the emu. In contrast, much less is known about embryonic shunts in the non-avian reptiles. It is possible that the single ventricle found in lizards, snakes, and turtles and the origin of the left aorta in the crocodilians play a significant role in the right-to-left embryonic shunt in these species."
Preferential streaming of the ductus venosus and inferior caval vein towards the right heart is associated with left heart underdevelopment in human fetuses with left-sided diaphragmatic hernia^[2] "Left heart underdevelopment is commonly observed in fetuses with left diaphragmatic hernia. This finding has been attributed to compression of the left atrium by herniated abdominal organs, redistribution of fetal cardiac output and/or low pulmonary venous return. As preferential right or left heart underdevelopment is usually not a feature of right diaphragmatic hernia, we searched for an alternative mechanism. Since in normal fetuses the major fraction of left heart filling is provided by the ductus venosus via the inferior caval vein and oval foramen, our study focused in particular on the streaming direction of these structures."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Cardiovascular Developmental Shunts <pubmed limit=5>Cardiovascular Developmental Shunts</pubmed> Search term: ductus venosus <pubmed limit=5>ductus venosus</pubmed> Search term: ductus arteriosus <pubmed limit=5>ductus arteriosus</pubmed> Search term: foramen ovale <pubmed limit=5>foramen ovale</pubmed>

Foramen Ovale


Ostium Primum (week 4, stage 13)	Atrial septum (week 8, stage 22)

Ductus Arteriosus

Week 8 (stage 22) Aortic Arch

Ductus Venosus

The vitelline blood vessel lying within the liver that connects (shunts) the portal and umbilical veins to the inferior vena cava and also acts to protect the fetus from placental overcirculation.

Absence can cause hydrops fetalis and the umbilical vein then drains directly into the inferior vena cava or right atrium.

Postnatally this shunt functionally closes then structurally closes and degenerates to form it the ligamentum venosum.


Week 4 embryo (stage 13) Ductus Venosus	Week 8 Human embryo (stage 22) Ductus Venosus

11254155

8841232

Textbooks

Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Ch7 p151-188 Heart
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch14: p304-349
Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch12; p241-254
Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Ch7 p97-122 Heart
Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch13-17: p77-111

Molecular

Abnormalities

Atrial Septal Defect

Foramen ovale defects are generally classes as atrial septal defects.
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females.

Links: Atrial Septal Defects

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus classification

Links: thumb|Patent Ductus Arteriosu

References

↑ <pubmed>21513818</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>20702536</pubmed>

Reviews

Articles

17984953

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: foramen ovale | ductus arteriosus | ductus venosus | heart shunt | cardiovascular shunts

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Cardiovascular System - Developmental Shunts. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Shunts

What Links Here?

[1] <pubmed>21513818</pubmed>

[2] <pubmed>20702536</pubmed>

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Header}}
 <div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>Currently this page is only a template and will be updated (this notice removed when completed).</div>
 ==Introduction==
-Before birth there are three identified "shunts" in the cardiovascular system:
+[[File:Stage_22_image_083.jpg|thumb|300px| Week 8 Human embryo (stage 22) Ductus Venosus]]
+Before birth there are three identified "shunts" in the mammalian cardiovascular system:
 # the foramen ovale, within the heart between the atria
 # the ductus arteriosus, within the aortic arch
@@ Line 9: / Line 14: @@
-:{{Template:Heart Links}}
+{{Heart Links}}
 ==Some Recent Findings==
@@ Line 17: / Line 22: @@
 * '''Prenatal cardiovascular shunts in amniotic vertebrates'''<ref><pubmed>21513818</pubmed></ref> "During amniotic vertebrate development, the embryo and fetus employ a number of cardiovascular shunts. These shunts provide a right-to-left shunt of blood and are essential components of embryonic life ensuring proper blood circulation to developing organs and fetal gas exchanger, as well as bypassing the pulmonary circuit and the unventilated, fluid filled lungs. In this review we examine and compare the embryonic shunts available for fetal mammals and embryonic reptiles, including lizards, crocodilians, and birds. These groups have either a single ductus arteriosus (mammals) or paired ductus arteriosi that provide a right-to-left shunt of right ventricular output away from the unventilated lungs. The mammalian foramen ovale and the avian atrial foramina function as a right-to-left shunt of blood between the atria. The presence of atrial shunts in non-avian reptiles is unknown. Mammals have a venous shunt, the ductus venosus that diverts umbilical venous return away from the liver and towards the inferior vena cava and foramen ovale. Reptiles do not have a ductus venosus during the latter two thirds of development. While the fetal shunts are well characterized in numerous mammalian species, much less is known about the developmental physiology of the reptilian embryonic shunts. In the last years, the reactivity and the process of closure of the ductus arteriosus have been characterized in the chicken and the emu. In contrast, much less is known about embryonic shunts in the non-avian reptiles. It is possible that the single ventricle found in lizards, snakes, and turtles and the origin of the left aorta in the crocodilians play a significant role in the right-to-left embryonic shunt in these species."
 * '''Preferential streaming of the ductus venosus and inferior caval vein towards the right heart is associated with left heart underdevelopment in human fetuses with left-sided diaphragmatic hernia'''<ref><pubmed>20702536</pubmed></ref> "Left heart underdevelopment is commonly observed in fetuses with left diaphragmatic hernia. This finding has been attributed to compression of the left atrium by herniated abdominal organs, redistribution of fetal cardiac output and/or low pulmonary venous return. As preferential right or left heart underdevelopment is usually not a feature of right diaphragmatic hernia, we searched for an alternative mechanism. Since in normal fetuses the major fraction of left heart filling is provided by the ductus venosus via the inferior caval vein and oval foramen, our study focused in particular on the streaming direction of these structures."
+|}
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+! More recent papers
+|-
+| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
+Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cardiovascular+Developmental+Shunts ''Cardiovascular Developmental Shunts'']
+<pubmed limit=5>Cardiovascular Developmental Shunts</pubmed>
+Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ductus+venosus ''ductus venosus'']
+<pubmed limit=5>ductus venosus</pubmed>
+Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ductus+arteriosus ''ductus arteriosus'']
+<pubmed limit=5>ductus arteriosus</pubmed>
+Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=foramen+ovale ''foramen ovale'']
+<pubmed limit=5>foramen ovale</pubmed>
 |}
 ==Foramen Ovale==
+{|
-[[File:Stage 13 image 068.jpg|300px]]
+| [[File:Stage 13 image 068.jpg|300px]]
+| [[File:Stage 22 image 079.jpg|300px]]
-Ostium Primum (week 4, stage 13)
+|-
+| Ostium Primum (week 4, stage 13)
+| Atrial septum (week 8, stage 22)
+|}
 ==Ductus Arteriosus==
@@ Line 32: / Line 61: @@
 ==Ductus Venosus==
+The [[V#vitelline|vitelline]] blood vessel lying within the liver that connects (shunts) the portal and [[U#umbilical vein|umbilical veins]] to the inferior vena cava and also acts to protect the [[F#fetus|fetus]] from placental overcirculation.
+Absence can cause [[H#hydrops fetalis|hydrops fetalis]] and the umbilical vein then drains directly into the inferior vena cava or right atrium.
+Postnatally this shunt functionally closes then structurally closes and degenerates to form it the [[L#ligamentum venosus|ligamentum venosum]].
 {|
 | [[File:Stage 13 image 075.jpg|300px]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 92: @@
 ==Abnormalities==
 ===Atrial Septal Defect===
-Foramen ovale
+[[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg|thumb|Atrial Septal Defect]]
+* Foramen ovale defects are generally classes as atrial septal defects.
+* Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females.
+:'''Links:''' [[Cardiovascular_System_-_Abnormalities#Atrial_Septal_Defects|Atrial Septal Defects]]
 ===Patent ductus arteriosus===
-Ductus arteriosus
+* Ductus arteriosus
+[[File:Patent Ductus Arteriosus.jpg|thumb|Patent ductus arteriosus]]
+[[File:Patent_ductus_arteriosus_classification.jpg|600px]]
+Patent ductus arteriosus classification
+:'''Links:''' [[Cardiovascular_System_-_Abnormalities#Patent_Ductus_Arteriosus|thumb|Patent Ductus Arteriosu]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 79: / Line 127: @@
-'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=heart%20shunt heart valve development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cardiovascular%20shunts cardiovascular shunts]
+'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=foramen%20ovale foramen ovale] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=ductus%20arteriosus ductus arteriosus] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=ductus%20venosus ductus venosus] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=heart%20shunt heart shunt] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cardiovascular%20shunts cardiovascular shunts]