Book - The development of the chick (1919)
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Lillie FR. The development of the chick. (1919) Henry Holt And Company New York, New York.
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1908 Edition - Lillie FR. The development of the chick. (1908) New York. https://archive.org/details/developmentofchi00lillrich/page/n8 https://archive.org/details/developmentofchi00lill/page/n6 https://archive.org/details/developmentofchi00lillief/page/n6 1919 Edition - https://archive.org/details/developmentofchi1919lill/page/n6 Review article
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The Development of the Chick - An Introduction to Embryology
Preface to First Edition
This book is a plain account of the development of the neverfailing resource of the embryologist, the chick. It has been necessary to fill certain gaps in our knowledge of the development of the chick by descriptions of other birds. But the account does not go beyond the class Aves, and it applies exclusively to the chick except where there is specific statement to the contrary. Projected chapters on the integument, muscular system, physiology of development, teratology, and history of the subject have been omitted, as the book seemed to be already sufficiently long. The account has been written directly from the material in almost every part, and it has involved some special investigations, particularly on the early development undertaken by Doctor Mary Blount and Doctor J. T. Patterson, to whom acknowledgments are due for permission to incorporate their results before full publication by the authors. As the book is meant for the use of beginners in embryology, references to authors are usually omitted except where the account is based directly on the description of a single investigator. A fairly full list of original sources is published as an appendix.
Figures borrowed from other publications are credited in the legends to the figures. The majority of the illustrations are from original preparations of the author: Figures 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 99, 105 and 106 were drawn by Mr. K. Hayashi; the remainder of the original drawings were executed by Mr. Kenji Toda. The photographs in Figures 118, 119, 120, 168, 181, 182, 189, 194, 197, and 231 are the work of Mr. Willard C. Green. Some of the figures may be studied with advantage for points not described in the text.
Acknowledgments are also due my colleague, Professor W. L. Tower for much assistance, and to Doctor Rov L. Moodie for special work on the skeleton, and photographs of potash preparations reproduced in Figures 242, 246, 249 and 250.
The best introduction to the problems opened up by the study of embryology is a careful first-hand study of some one species. It is in this sense that the book may serve as an introduction to embryology, if its study is accompanied by careful laboratory work. In some respects it is fuller, and in others less complete, than other books with which it might be compared. On its comparative and experimental sides, embryology is the only key to the solution of some of the most fundamental problems of biology. The fact that comparative and experimental embryology receive bare mention is not due to any lack of appreciation of their interest and importance, but to the conviction that the beginner is not prepared to appreciate these problems at the start; to the belief that our teachers of embryology are competent to remedy omissions; and finally to the circumstance that no one book can, as a matter of fact, cover the entire field, except in the most superficial way.
The development before laying and the first three days of incubation are treated by stages as far as possible, and this matter constitutes Part I of the book. It involves the study of the origin of the primordia of most of the organs. The matter concerning the later development is classified by the organs concerned, which seems to be the only possible way, and this constitutes Part II. The first part is complete in itself, so far as it goes, and no doubt it will be the only part consulted by some students.
The attempt to present a consecutive account of the development of the form on which so many classics in the history of embryology have been based is no slight undertaking. The author can hardly hope that he has avoided omissions and errors, and he will be sincerely grateful to those who call such to his attention.
Contents
Ixtroduction
I. The Cell Theory . 1
II. The Recapitulation Theory 3
III. The Physiology of Development 6
IV. Embryonic Primordia and the Law of Genetic Restric tion 8
V. General Characters of Germ-cells 9
The Spermatozoon 9
The Ovum 10
Comparison of the Germ-cells 12
VI. Polarity and Organization of the Ovum .... 14
Part I The Early Development To The End Of The Third Day
CHAPTER I. THE EGG 17
Chemical Composition of the Hen's Egg 20
Formation of the Egg 21
Abnormal Eggs 25
Ovogenesis 26
CHAPTER II. THE DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO LAYING 32
I. Maturation 32
11. Fertilization 35
III. Cleavage of the Ovum 38
The Hen's Egg 39
The Pigeon's Egg 43
IV. Origin of the Periblastic Nuclei, Formation of the
Germ-wall 47
V. Origin of the Ectoderm and Entoderm ...... 52
CHAPTER III. OUTLINE OF DEVELOPMENT, ORIENTATION, CHRONOLOGY 61
Orientation 63
Chronology {Classification of Stages) 64
Tables of the Developyyient of the Chick 68
CHAPTER IV. FROM LAYIXG TO THE FORMATIOX OF
THE FIRST SOMITE 69
I. Structure of the Unincubated Blastoderm .... 69
II. The Primitive Streak 69
Total Views 69
Sections 74
The Head-process 80
hiterpretation of the Primitive Streak 83
III. The Mesoderm of the Opaque Area 86
IV. The Germ-wall 90
CHAPTER V. HEAD-FOLD TO TWELVE SOMITES
(From about the twenty-first to the thirty-third hour of incubation) 91
I. Origin of the Head-fold 91
II. Formation of the Fore-gut 93
III. Origin of the Xeural Tube 95
The Medullary Plate 95
The Neural Groove and Folds 97
Primary Divisions of the Neural Tube 105
Origin of the Primary Divisions of the Embryonic Brain 108
IV. The Mesoblast 109
Primary Structure of the Sornites 11-4
The Nephrotome, or Intermediate Cell-mass (Middle
Plate) 114
The Lateral Plate 115
Development of the Body-cavity or Cadome 115
Mesoblast of the Head 116
Vascular System 117
Origin of the Heart 119
The Embryonic Blood-vessels 121
V. Description of an Embryo with 10 Somites .... 122
The Nervous System 124
Alimentary Canal 126
Vascular System 126
General 127
Zones of the Blastoderm 127
CHAPTER VI. FROM TWELVE TO THIRTY-SIX SOMITES.
THIRTY-FOUR TO SEVEXTY-TWO HOURS . 130 I. Development of the External Form, and Turning of the Embryo 130
Separation of the Embryo from the Blastoderm . . . 130
The Turning of the Embryo and the Embryonic Flexures 133
II. Origin of the Embryonic Membranes 135
Origin of the Amnion and Chorion 135
The Yolk-sac 143
Origin of the Allantois 143
Summary of Later History of the Embryonic Membranes . 145
III. The Xervous System 147
The Brain 147
The Neural Crest and the Cranial and Spinal Ganglia 156
IV. The Organs of Special Sense (Eye, Ear, X'ose) . 164
The Eye ^ . 164
The Auditory Sac 168
The Nose (Olfactory Pits) 169
V. The Alimentary Canal and its Appendages . . . 170
The StomodoEum 173
The Pharynx and Visceral Arches 173
(Esophagus and Stomach 179
The Liver 179
The Pancreas 181
The Mid-Gut 181
Ancd Plate, Hind-gut, Post-anal gut and Allantois 182
VI. History of the Mesoderm 183
Somites 183
The Intermediate Cell-mass 190
The Vascular System 197
VII. The Body-cavity and Mesenteries 205
PART II THE FORRTH DAY TO HATCHING, ORGANOGENY, DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS
CHAPTER VII. THE EXTERXAL FORM OF THE EMBRYO AXD THE EMBRYONIC :\IEMBRAXES 211
I. The External Form 211
General 211
Head 213
II. Embryonic Membranes . . . 216
General 216
The Allantois 220
The Yolk-sac 225
The Amnion 231
Hatching . . 232
CHAPTER \TII. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 233
I. The Neuroblasts 233
The Medullary Neuroblasts 233
The Ganglionic Neuroblasts 236
II. The Development of the Spinal Cord 239
Central Canal and Fissures of the Cord 242
Neuroblasts, Commissures, and Fiber Tracts of the Cord . 244
III. The Development of the Brain 244
The Telencephalon 245
The Diencephalon 249
The Meseyicephalon 251
The Metencephalon 251
The Myelencephalon 252
Commissures of the Brain 252
IV. The Peripheral Nervous System . 252
The Spinal Nerves 252
The Cranial Nerves 261
CHAPTER IX. ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE .... 271
I. The Eye 271
The Optic Cup 271
The Vitreous Humor 275
The Lens 276
Anterior Chamber and Cornea 278
The Choroid and Sclerotic Coats 279
The Eyelids and Conjunctival Sac 279
Choroid Fissure, Pecten and Optic Nerve 281
II. The Development of the Olfactory Organ . . . 285
III. The Development of the Ear 288
Development of the Otocyst and Associated Parts . . . 289 The Development of the Tubo-tyyn panic Cavity, External
Auditory Meatus and Tympanum 297
CHAPTER X. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT AND ITS APPENDAGES 301
I. Mouth and Oral Cavity 301
Beak and Egg-tooth 302
The Tongue 305
Oral Glands 306
II. Derivatives of the Embryonic Pharynx 306
Fate of the Visceral Clefts 307
Thyroid 307
Visceral Pouches • • 307
The Thymus 308
Epithelial Vestiges 309
The Posthranchial Bodies 309
III. The (Esophagus, Stomach and Intestine .... 309
Oesophagus 312
Stomach 313
Large Intestine, Cloaca, and Anus 314
IV. The Development of the Liver and Pancreas , . . 319
The Liver 319
The Pancreas 323
V. The Respiratory Tract 325
Bronchi, Lungs and Air-sacs 325
The Laryngotracheal Groove 331
CHAPTER XI. THE BODY-CAVITIES, MESENTERIES AND
SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM 333
I. The Separation of the Pericardial and Pleuroperi TONEAL Cavities 333
Septum Transversum 334
Closure of the Dorsal Opening of the Pericardium . . . 337
Estahlishment of Independent Pericardial Walls . . . 338
Derivatives of the Septum Transversum 339
II. Separation of Pleural and Peritoneal Cavities; Or igin OF THE Septum Pleuro-peritoneale . . . 340
III. The Mesenteries 342
The Dorsal Mesentery 342
The Origin of the Omentum 343
Origin of the Spleen 345
CHAPTER XII. THE LATER DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 348
I. The Heart 348
The Development of the External Form of the Heart . . 348
Division of the Cavities of the Heart 350
Fate of the Bulbus .357
The Sinus Ve?iosus 357
II. The Arterial System 358
The Aortic Arches 358
The Carotid Arch 361
The Subclavian Artery 362
The Aortic System 362
III. The Venous System ..... c .... . 363
The Anterior Vence Cavce 363
The Omphalomesenteric Veins 364
The Umbilical Veins 367
The System of the Inferior Vena Cava 368
IV. The Embryonic Circulation 372
CHAPTER XIII. THE URINOGENITAL SYSTEM ... 378
I. The Later History of the Mesonephros 378
II. The Development of the Metanephros or Permanent
Kidney 38-1:
The Metanephric Diverticulum 384
The Nephrogenous Tissue of the Metanephros . . . 387
III. The Organs of Reproduction • 390
Development of Ovary and Testis 391
Development of the Genital Ducts 401
IV. The Suprarenal Capsules 403
Origin of the Cortical Cords 405
Origin of the Medullary Cords 406
CHAPTER XIV. THE SKELETON 407
I. General 407
II. The Vertebral Column 411
The Sclerotomes and Vertebral Segmentation .... 412
Membranous Stage of the Vertebrce 414
Chondrification 418
Atlas and Axis (Epistropheus) 420
Formation of Vertebral Articulations 421
Ossification 421
III. Development of the Ribs and Sternal Apparatus. . 424
IV. Development of the Skull 427
Development of the Cartilaginous or Primordial Cranium. 428
Ossification of the Skull 431
V. Appendicular Skeleton 434
The Fore-limb 434
The Skeleton of the Hind-limb 438
APPENDIX
General Literature ^ •> .... 443
Literature — Chapter I 443
Literature — Chapter II 444
Literature — Chapter III 44o
Literature — Chapters IV and V 44o
Literature — Chapter VII 447
Literature — Chapter VIII 449
Literature — Chapter IX 450
Literature — Chapter X 453
Literature — Chapter XI 4o/
Literature — Chapter XII 458
Literature — Chapter XIII 459
Literature — Chapter XIV 461
Index 465
