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Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Online Editor 
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This historic 1930 book edited by Foster and Sedgwick is the third of Francis Balfour's collected works published in four editions. Francis (Frank) Maitland Balfour, known as F. M. Balfour, (November 10, 1851 - July 19, 1882) was a British biologist who co-authored embryology textbooks.



The Works of Francis Balfour

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. I. Separate Memoirs (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. IV. Plates (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.


Modern Notes:

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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

The Works of Francis Balfour

Francis Balfour (1851-1882)
Francis Balfour (1851-1882)

Volume III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2

M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE,

AND PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CAMBRIDGE.


EDITED BY M. FOSTER, F.R.S.,

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE;

AND

ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A.,

FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.


VOL. III.

A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY. Vol. II. Vertebrata.


London :

MACMILLAN AND CO. 1885


Preface

The present volume completes my treatise on Comparative Embryology. The first eleven chapters deal with the developmental history of the Chordata. These are followed by three comparative chapters completing the section of the work devoted to Systematic Embryology. The remainder of the treatise, from Chapter XIV. onwards, is devoted to Organogeny. For the reasons stated in the introduction to this part the organogeny of the Chordata has been treated with much greater fulness than that of the other groups of Metazoa.

My own investigations have covered the ground of the present volume much more completely than they did that of the first volume ; a not inconsiderable proportion of the facts recorded having been directly verified by me.

The very great labour of completing this volume has been much lightened by the assistance I have received from my friends and pupils. Had it not been for their co-operation a large number of the disputed points, which I have been able to investigate during the preparation of the work, must have been left untouched.

My special thanks are due to Mr Sedgwick, who has not only devoted a very large amount of time and labour to correcting the proofs, but has made for me an index of this volume, and has assisted me in many other ways.

Dr Allen Thomson and Professor Kleinenberg of Messina have undertaken the ungrateful task of looking through my proof-sheets, and have made suggestions which have proved most valuable. To Professors Parker, Turner, and Bridge, I am also greatly indebted for their suggestions with reference to special chapters of the work.

Contents Of Volume II

  1. CHAPTER I. CEPHALOCHORDA. Pp. t 8. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. I 3. Central nervous system, pp. 3, 4. Mesoblast, p. 5. General history of larva, pp. 6 8.
  2. CHAPTER II. UROCHORDA. Pp. 9 39. Solitaria, pp. 9 23. Development of embryo, pp. 9 15. Growth and structure of free larva, pp. 15 19. Retrogressive metamorphosis, pp. 19 23. Sedentaria, p. 23. Natantia, pp. 23 28. Doliolida:, pp. 28, 29. Salpida, pp. 29 34. Appendicularia, p. 34. Metagenesis, pp. 34 38.
  3. CHAPTER III. ELASMOBRANCHII. Pp. 40 67. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 40 47. Epiblast, p. 47. Mesoblast, pp. 47 51. Hypoblast and notochord, pp. 51 54. General features of the embryo at successive stages, pp. 55 62. The yolk-sack, pp. 62-66.
  4. CHAPTER IV. TELEOSTEI. Pp. 68 82. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 6873. General history of the layers, pp. 73 75. General development of the embryo, pp. 76 81.
  5. CHAPTER V. CYCLOSTOMATA. Pp. 83 101. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 83 86. Mesoblast and notochord, pp. 86, 87. General history of the development, pp. 87 97. Metamorphosis, pp. 97 100. Myxine, p. 100.
  6. CHAPTER VI. GANOIDEI. Pp. 102 119. Acipenser, pp. 102 no. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 102 104. General development of the embryo and larva, pp. 104 1 10. Lepidosleus, pp. 111119. Segmentation, pp. in, 112. General development of embryo and larva, pp. 1 1 2 1 19. General observations on the embryology of Ganoids, p. 119.
  7. CHAPTER VII. AMPHIBIA. Pp. 120 144. Oviposition and impregnation, pp. 120, 121. Formation of the layers, pp. I2I 124 . Epiblast, pp. 125127. Mesoblast and notochord, pp. 128, 129. Hypoblast, pp. 129131. General groivth of the embryo, pp. 131 143. Anura, pp. 131 141. Urodela, pp. 141 143. Gymnophiona, p. 143.
  8. CHAPTER VIII. AVES. Pp. 145201. - Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 145166. General history of the germinal layers, pp. 166169. General development of the embryo, pp. 169 180. Fa-tal membranes, pp. 185199- Amnion, pp. 185191. Allantois, pp. 191 193. Yolk-sack, pp. 193 199
  9. CHAPTER IX. REPTILIA. Pp. 202213. Lacertilia, pp. 202 --209. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 202 207. General development of the embryo, p. 208. Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, pp. 208210. Ophidia, p. 210. Ckelonia, pp. 210212.
  10. CHAPTER X. MAMMALIA. Pp. 214 274. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 214 227. General growth of the embryo, pp. 227 232. Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, pp. 232 239. Comparative history of the Mammalian foetal membranes, pp. 239257. Comparative histology of the placenta, pp. 257259. Evolution of the placenta, pp t 25 g 2 6i. Development of the Guinea-pig, pp. 262 265. The human embryo, pp. 265 270.
  11. CHAPTER XI. COMPARISON OF THE FORMATION OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS AND OF THE EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRATES. Pp. 275 310. Formation of the gastrula, pp. 275292. The formation of the mesoblast and of the notochord, pp. 292300. The epiblast, pp. 300304. Formation of the central nervous system, pp. 301304. Formation of the organs of special sense, p. 304. Summary of organs derived from the three germinal layers, pp. 304 306. Growth in length of the Vertebrate embryo, pp. 306 309. The

evolution of the allantois and amnion, pp. 309, 310.

  1. CHAPTER XII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANCESTRAL FORM OF THE CHORDATA. Pp. 311 330. General considerations, pp. 311 316. The medullary canal, pp. 316, 317.

The origin and nature of the mouth, pp. 317 321. The cranial flexure, pp. 321, 322. The postanal gut and neurentcric canal, pp. 322 325. The body-cavity and mesoblastic somites, p. 325. The notochord, pp. 325, 326. Gill clefts, PP 326, 327- Phylogeny of the Chordata, pp. 327 329.

  1. CHAPTER XIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. Pp. 331 388. I. Mode of origin and homologies of the germinal layers, pp- 33 E 360. Formation of the primary germinal layers, pp. 332, 333. Invagination, pp. 333 335. Delamination, pp. 335 338. Phylogenetic significance of delamination and invagination, pp. 338 345. Homologies of the germinal layers, IT- .545' 346- The origin of the mesoblast, pp. 346 360. EL Larval forms: their nature, origin, and affinities. Preliminary considerations, pp. 360 362. Types of larva-, pp. 363 384. Phylogenetic conclusions, pp. 384, 385. General conclusions and summary, pp. 385, 386.

PART II. ORGANOGENY;

INTRODUCTION. Pp. 391, 392.

  1. CHAPTER XIV. THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES. Pp. 393 399.

Protective epidermic structures, pp. 393 397. Dermal skeletal structures, p. 397. Glands, pp. 397, 398.

  1. CHAPTER XV. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Pp. 400469.

The origin of the nervous system, pp. 400 405. Nervous system of the Invertebrata, pp. 405 414. Central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 415 447. Spinal chord, pp. 415 419. General development of the brain, pp. 419 423. Hind-brain, pp. 424 427. Mid-brain, pp. 427, 428. General development of fore-brain, pp. 428 430. Thalamencephalon, pp. 430 435. Pituitary body, pp. 435 437. Cerebral Hemispheres, pp. 437 444. Olfactory lobes, pp. 444, 445. General conclusions as to the central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 445 447. Development of the cranial and spinal nerves, pp. 448 466. Spinal nerves, pp. 448 455. Cranial nerves, pp. 455 466. Sympathetic nervous system, pp. 466 468.

  1. CHAPTER XVI. ORGANS OF VISION. Pp. 470 511.

Ccelenterata, pp. 471, 472. Mollusca, pp. 472 479. Chsetopoda, p. 479. Chastognatha, p. 479. Arthropoda, pp. 479 483. Vertebrata general, pp. 483 490. Retina, pp. 490 492. Optic nerve, pp. 492, 493. Choroid fissure, p. 493. Lens, pp. 494, 495. Vitreous humour, pp. 494, 495. Cornea, pp. 495 497. Aqueous humour, p. 497. Comparative development of Vertebrate eye, pp. 497 506. Ammoccete eye, pp. 498, 499. Optic vesicles, p. 499. Lens, p. 499. Cornea, p. 500. Optic nerve' and choroid fissure, pp. 500 505. Iris and ciliary processes, p. 506. Accessory organs connected with the eye, p. 506. Eyelids, p. 506. Lacrymal glands, p. 506. Lacrymal duct, pp. 506, 507. Eye of the Tunicata, pp. 507 509. Accessory eyes in the Vertebrata, pp. 509, 510.

  1. CHAPTER XVII. AUDITORY ORGAN, OLFACTORY ORGAN, AND SENSE ORGANS OF THE LATERAL LINE. Pp. 5 12 541.

Auditory organs, pp. 512 531. General structure of auditory organs, PP- S 1 ^, 513. Auditory organs of the Coelenterata, pp. 513 515. Auditory organs of the Mollusca, pp. 515, 516. Auditory organs of the Crustacea, p. 516. Auditory organs of the Verlebrata, pp. 516 530. Auditory vesicle, pp. 517 524. Organ of Corti, pp. 524 527. Accessory structures connected with the organ of hearing of terrestrial vertebrata, pp. 527 530. Auditory organ of the Tunicata, pp. 530, 531. Bibliography of Auditory organs, p. 531.

Olfactory organs, pp. 531 538. Bibliography of Olfactory organs, p. 538.

Sense organs of the lateral line, pp. 538540. Bibliography of sense

organs of lateral line, pp. 540, 541.

  1. CHAPTER XVIII. THE NOTOCHORD, THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, THE RIBS, AND THE STERNUM. Pp. 542 563.

Introductory remarks on the origin of the skeleton, pp. 542 544. Bibliography of the origin of the skeleton, pp. 544, 545. The notochord and its cartilaginous sheath, pp. 545 549. The vertebral arches and the vertebral bodies, pp. 549 559- Cyclostomata, p. 549. Elasmobranchii, pp. 549553. Ganoidei, p. 553. Teleostei, p. 553. Amphibia, pp. 553 556. Reptilia, pp. 556, 557. Aves, pp. 557, 558. Mammalia, pp. 558, 559. Bibliography of the notochord and vertebral column, p. 560. Ribs, pp. 560562. Sternum, pp. 562, 563. Bibliography of the ribs and sternum, p. 563.

  1. CHAPTER XIX. THE SKULL. Pp. 564598.

Preliminary remarks, pp. 564, 565. The cartilaginous cranium, pp.

565571. The parachordals and notochord, pp. 566, 567. The trabecula', pp. 567570. The sense capsules, pp. 570, 571. The branchial skeleton, pp. 572 591. General structure of, pp. 572 575. Mandibular and hyoid arches, pp. 575 591. Elasmobranchii, pp. 576579. Teleostei, pp. 579581. Amphibia, pp. 581588. Sauropsida, pp. 588, 589. Mammalia, pp. 589591.

Membrane bones and ossifications of the cranium, pp. 592 597.

Membrane bones, pp. 592 595. Ossifications of the cartilaginous cranium, pp. 595 597. Labial cartilages, p. 597. Bibliography of the skull, p. 598.

  1. CHAPTER XX. PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES AND THE SKELETON OF THE LIMBS. Pp. 599 622.

The Pectoral girdle, pp. 599 606. Pisces, pp. 599601. Amphibia

and Amniota, pp. 601, 602. Lacertilia, p. 603. Chelonia, p. 603. Aves, pp. 603, 604. Mammalia, p. 604. Amphibia, p. 605. Bibliography of Pectoral girdle, pp. 605, 606.

The Pelvic girdle, pp. 606 608. Pisces, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia and Amniota, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia, p. 607. Lacertilia, p. 607. Mammalia, p. 608. Bibliography of Pelvic girdle, p. 608. Comparison of pectoral and -pelvic girdles, pp. 608, 609.

Limbs, pp. 609- -622. The piscine fin, pp. 609 618. The cheiropterygium, pp. 618622. Bibliography of limbs, p. 622.

  1. CHAPTER XXI. THE BODY CAVITY, THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE VASCULAR GLANDS. Pp. 623 666.

The body cavity, pp. 623632. General, pp. 623, 624. Chordat'a, pp. 624632. Abdominal pores, pp. 626, 627. Pericardial cavities, pleural cavities and diaphragm, pp. 627 632. Bibliography of body cavity, p. 632.

The Vascular System, pp. 632663. General, pp. 632, 633. The heart, pp. 633643. Bibliography of the heart, p. 643. Arterial system, pp. 643651. Bibliography of the arterial system, p. 651. Venous system, pp. 651 663. Bibliography of the venous system, p. 663. Lymphatic system and spleen, p. 664. Bibliography of spleen, p. 664. Suprarenal bodies, pp. 664666. Bibliography of suprarenal bodies, p. 666.

  1. CHAPTER XXII. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Pp. 667 679.

Evolution of muscle-cells, pp. 667, 668. Voluntary muscular system of the Chordata, pp. 668 679. Muscular fibres, pp. 668, 669. Muscular system of the trunk and limbs, pp. 673 6/6. The somites and muscular system of the head, pp. 676 671;. Bibliography of muscular system, p. 679.

  1. CHAPTER XXIII. EXCRETORY ORGANS. Pp. 680 740.

Platyelminthes, pp. 680, 681. Mollusca, pp. 681, 682. Polyzoa, pp. 682, 683. Branchiopoda, p. 683. Choctopoda, pp. 683 686. Gephyrea, pp. 686, 687. Discophora, pp.687, 688. Arthropocla, pp.688, 689. Nematoda, p. 689. Excretory organs and generative ducts of the Craniata, pp. 689737. General, pp. 689, 690. Elasmobranchii, pp. 690 699. Cyclostomata, pp. 700, 701. Teleostei, pp. 701 704. Ganoidei, pp. 704707. Dipnoi, p. 707. Amphibia, pp. 707 713. Amniota, pp. 713 727. General conclusions and summary, pp. 728737. Pronephros, pp. 728, 729. Mesonephros, pp. 729732. Genital ducts, pp. 732736. Metanephros, pp. 736, 737. Comparison of the excretory organs of the Chordata and Invertebrata, pp. 737, 738. Bibliography of Excretory organs, pp. 738 740.

  1. CHAPTER XXIV. GENERATIVE ORGANS AND GENITAL DUCTS. Pp. 741753

Generative organs, pp. 741748. Porifera, p. 741. Ccelenterata, pp. 741 743. Chtetopoda and Gephyrea, p. 743. Chastognatha, pp. 743 745. Polyzoa, p. 745. Nematoda, p. 745. Insecta, p. 745. Crustacea, pp. 745, 746. Chordata, pp. 746748. Bibliography of generative organs, p. 748. Genital ducts, pp. 748753.

  1. CHAPTER XXV. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND ITS APPENDAGES IN THE CHORDATA. Pp. 754780. Mesenteron, pp. 754774- Subnotochordal rod, pp. 7S475 6 - Splanchnic mesoblast and mesentery, pp. 756758. Respiratory division of the Mesenteron, pp. 758766. Thyroid body, pp. 759762. Thymus gland, pp. 762, 763.

Swimming bladder and lungs, pp. 763766, The middle division of the Mesenteron, pp. 766771. Cloaca, pp. 766, 767. Intestine, pp. 767, 768. Liver, pp. 769, 770. Pancreas, pp. 770, 771. Posjtanal section of the Mesenteron, pp. 771774. The stomodseum, pp. 774 778. Comparative development of oral cavity, PP- 774776. Teeth, pp. 776778. The proctodseum, pp. 778 780. Bibliography of alimentary canal, p. 780.

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