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==Contents Of Volume II==
==Contents Of Volume II==


# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-1|CHAPTER I. CEPHALOCHORDA]]. Pp. t 8. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. I 3. Central nervous system, pp. 3, 4. Mesoblast, p. 5. General history of larva, pp. 6 8.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-1|'''Cephalochorda''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, Central nervous system, Mesoblast, General history of larva.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-2|CHAPTER II. UROCHORDA]]. Pp. 9 39. Solitaria, pp. 9 23. Development of embryo, pp. 9 15. Growth and structure of free larva, pp. 15 19. Retrogressive metamorphosis, pp. 19 23. Sedentaria, p. 23. Natantia, pp. 23 28. Doliolida:, pp. 28, 29. Salpida, pp. 29 34. Appendicularia, p. 34. Metagenesis, pp. 34 38.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-2|'''Urochorda''']] Solitaria, Development of embryo, Growth and structure of free larva, Retrogressive metamorphosis, Sedentaria, Natantia, Doliolida:, Salpida, Appendicularia, Metagenesis.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-3|CHAPTER III. ELASMOBRANCHII]]. Pp. 40 67. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 40 47. Epiblast, p. 47. Mesoblast, pp. 47 51. Hypoblast and notochord, pp. 51 54. General features of the embryo at successive stages, pp. 55 62. The yolk-sack, pp. 62-66.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-3|'''Elasmobranchii''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 40 47. Epiblast, p. 47. Mesoblast, pp. 47 51. Hypoblast and notochord, pp. 51 54. General features of the embryo at successive stages, pp. 55 62. The yolk-sack, pp. 62-66.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-4|CHAPTER IV. TELEOSTEI]]. Pp. 68 82. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 6873. General history of the layers, pp. 73 75. General development of the embryo, pp. 76 81.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-4|'''Teleostei''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, General history of the layers, General development of the embryo.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-5|CHAPTER V. CYCLOSTOMATA]]. Pp. 83 101. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 83 86. Mesoblast and notochord, pp. 86, 87. General history of the development, pp. 87 97. Metamorphosis, pp. 97 100. Myxine, p. 100.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-5|'''Cyclostomata''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, Mesoblast and notochord, General history of the development, Metamorphosis, Myxine.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-6|CHAPTER VI. GANOIDEI]]. Pp. 102 119. Acipenser, pp. 102 no. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 102 104. General development of the embryo and larva, pp. 104 1 10. Lepidosleus, pp. 111119. Segmentation, pp. in, 112. General development of embryo and larva, pp. 1 1 2 1 19. General observations on the embryology of Ganoids, p. 119.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-6|'''Ganoidei''']] Acipenser, no. Segmentation and formation of the layers, General development of the embryo and larva, Lepidosleus, Segmentation, General development of embryo and larva, General observations on the embryology of Ganoids.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-7|CHAPTER VII. AMPHIBIA]]. Pp. 120 144. Oviposition and impregnation, pp. 120, 121. Formation of the layers, pp. I2I 124 . Epiblast, pp. 125127. Mesoblast and notochord, pp. 128, 129. Hypoblast, pp. 129131. General groivth of the embryo, pp. 131 143. Anura, pp. 131 141. Urodela, pp. 141 143. Gymnophiona, p. 143.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-7|'''Amphibia''']]. Oviposition and impregnation, Formation of the layers, Epiblast, Mesoblast and notochord, Hypoblast, General growth of the embryo, Anura, Urodela, Gymnophiona.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-8|CHAPTER VIII. AVES]]. Pp. 145201. - Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 145166. General history of the germinal layers, pp. 166169. General development of the embryo, pp. 169 180. Fa-tal membranes, pp. 185199- Amnion, pp. 185191. Allantois, pp. 191 193. Yolk-sack, pp. 193 199
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-8|'''Aves''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, General history of the germinal layers, General development of the embryo, Fetal membranes, Amnion, Allantois, Yolk-sack.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-9|CHAPTER IX. REPTILIA]]. Pp. 202213. Lacertilia, pp. 202 --209. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 202 207. General development of the embryo, p. 208. Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, pp. 208210. Ophidia, p. 210. Ckelonia, pp. 210212.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-9|'''Reptilia''']] Lacertilia, Segmentation and formation of the layers, General development of the embryo, Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, Ophidia, Ckelonia.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-10|CHAPTER X. MAMMALIA]]. Pp. 214 274. Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 214 227. General growth of the embryo, pp. 227 232. Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, pp. 232 239. Comparative history of the Mammalian foetal membranes, pp. 239257. Comparative histology of the placenta, pp. 257259. Evolution of the placenta, pp t 25 g 2 6i. Development of the Guinea-pig, pp. 262 265. The human embryo, pp. 265 270.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-10|'''Mammalia''']] Segmentation and formation of the layers, General growth of the embryo, Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, Comparative history of the Mammalian foetal membranes, Comparative histology of the placenta, Evolution of the placenta, Development of the Guinea-pig, The human embryo.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-11|CHAPTER XI. COMPARISON OF THE FORMATION OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS AND OF THE EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRATES]]. Pp. 275 310. Formation of the gastrula, pp. 275292. The formation of the mesoblast and of the notochord, pp. 292300. The epiblast, pp. 300304. Formation of the central nervous system, pp. 301304. Formation of the organs of special sense, p. 304. Summary of organs derived from the three germinal layers, pp. 304 306. Growth in length of the Vertebrate embryo, pp. 306 309. The evolution of the allantois and amnion, pp. 309, 310.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-11|'''Comparison Of The Formation Of The Germinal Layers And Of The Early Stages In The Development Of Vertebrates''']] Formation of the gastrula, The formation of the mesoblast and of the notochord, The epiblast, Formation of the central nervous system, Formation of the organs of special sense, Summary of organs derived from the three germinal layers, Growth in length of the Vertebrate embryo, The evolution of the allantois and amnion.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-12|CHAPTER XII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANCESTRAL FORM OF THE CHORDATA]]. Pp. 311 330. General considerations, pp. 311 316. The medullary canal, pp. 316, 317. The origin and nature of the mouth, pp. 317 321. The cranial flexure, pp. 321, 322. The postanal gut and neurentcric canal, pp. 322 325. The body-cavity and mesoblastic somites, p. 325. The notochord, pp. 325, 326. Gill clefts, PP 326, 327- Phylogeny of the Chordata, pp. 327 329.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-12|Observations On The Ancestral Form Of The Chordata]]. General considerations, The medullary canal, The origin and nature of the mouth, The cranial flexure, The postanal gut and neurentcric canal, The body-cavity and mesoblastic somites, The notochord, Gill clefts, Phylogeny of the Chordata.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-13|CHAPTER XIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS]]. Pp. 331 388. I. Mode of origin and homologies of the germinal layers, pp- 33 E 360. Formation of the primary germinal layers, pp. 332, 333. Invagination, pp. 333 335. Delamination, pp. 335 338. Phylogenetic significance of delamination and invagination, pp. 338 345. Homologies of the germinal layers, IT- .545' 346- The origin of the mesoblast, pp. 346 360. EL Larval forms: their nature, origin, and affinities. Preliminary considerations, pp. 360 362. Types of larva-, pp. 363 384. Phylogenetic conclusions, pp. 384, 385. General conclusions and summary, pp. 385, 386.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-13|'''General Conclusions''']] I. Mode of origin and homologies of the germinal layers, Formation of the primary germinal layers, Invagination, Delamination, Phylogenetic significance of delamination and invagination, Homologies of the germinal layers, IT- .545' 346- The origin of the mesoblast, EL Larval forms: their nature, origin, and affinities. Preliminary considerations, pp. 360 362. Types of larva-, pp. 363 384. Phylogenetic conclusions, General conclusions and summary, pp. 385, 386.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-14|CHAPTER XIV. THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES]]. Pp. 393 399. Protective epidermic structures, pp. 393 397. Dermal skeletal structures, p. 397. Glands, pp. 397, 398.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-14|The Epidermis And Its Derivatives]]. Protective epidermic structures, Dermal skeletal structures, Glands.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-15|CHAPTER XV. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM]]. Pp. 400469. The origin of the nervous system, pp. 400 405. Nervous system of the Invertebrata, pp. 405 414. Central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 415 447. Spinal chord, pp. 415 419. General development of the brain, pp. 419 423. Hind-brain, pp. 424 427. Mid-brain, pp. 427, 428. General development of fore-brain, pp. 428 430. Thalamencephalon, pp. 430 435. Pituitary body, pp. 435 437. Cerebral Hemispheres, pp. 437 444. Olfactory lobes,  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-15|'''The Nervous System''']] The origin of the nervous system, Nervous system of the Invertebrata, Central nervous system of the Vertebrata, Spinal chord, General development of the brain, Hind-brain, Mid-brain, General development of fore-brain, Thalamencephalon, Pituitary body, Cerebral Hemispheres, Olfactory lobes, General conclusions as to the central nervous system of the Vertebrata, Development of the cranial and spinal nerves, Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves, Sympathetic nervous system.  
pp. 444, 445. General conclusions as to the central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 445 447. Development of the cranial and spinal nerves, pp. 448 466. Spinal nerves, pp. 448 455. Cranial nerves, pp. 455 466. Sympathetic nervous system, pp. 466 468.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-16|'''Organs Of Vision''']] Coelenterata, Mollusca, Chsetopoda, Chastognatha, Arthropoda, Vertebrata general, Retina, Optic nerve, Choroid fissure, Lens, Vitreous humour, pp. 494, 495. Cornea, Aqueous humour, Comparative development of Vertebrate eye, Ammoccete eye, Optic vesicles, Lens, Cornea, Optic nerve' and choroid fissure, pp. 500 505. Iris and ciliary processes, p. 506. Accessory organs connected with the eye, Eyelids, Lacrymal glands, Lacrymal duct, Eye of the Tunicata, Accessory eyes in the Vertebrata.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-16|CHAPTER XVI. ORGANS OF VISION]]. Pp. 470 511. Ccelenterata, pp. 471, 472. Mollusca, pp. 472 479. Chsetopoda, p. 479. Chastognatha, p. 479. Arthropoda, pp. 479 483. Vertebrata general, pp. 483 490. Retina, pp. 490 492. Optic nerve, pp. 492, 493. Choroid fissure, p. 493. Lens, pp. 494, 495. Vitreous humour, pp. 494, 495. Cornea, pp. 495 497. Aqueous humour, p. 497. Comparative development of Vertebrate eye, pp. 497 506. Ammoccete eye, pp. 498, 499. Optic vesicles, p. 499. Lens, p. 499. Cornea,  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-17|'''Auditory Organ, Olfactory Organ, And Sense Organs Of The Lateral Line''']] Auditory organs, General structure of auditory organs, Auditory organs of the Coelenterata, Auditory organs of the Mollusca, Auditory organs of the Crustacea, p. 516. Auditory organs of the Verlebrata, Auditory vesicle, Organ of Corti, Accessory structures connected with the organ of hearing of terrestrial vertebrata, Auditory organ of the Tunicata, Bibliography of Auditory organs, Olfactory organs, Bibliography of Olfactory organs, Sense organs of the lateral line, Bibliography of sense organs of lateral line.  
p. 500. Optic nerve' and choroid fissure, pp. 500 505. Iris and ciliary processes, p. 506. Accessory organs connected with the eye, p. 506. Eyelids, p. 506. Lacrymal glands, p. 506. Lacrymal duct, pp. 506, 507. Eye of the Tunicata, pp. 507 509. Accessory eyes in the Vertebrata, pp. 509, 510.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-18|'''The Notochord, The Vertebral Column, The Ribs, And The Sternum''']] Introductory remarks on the origin of the skeleton, Bibliography of the origin of the skeleton, The notochord and its cartilaginous sheath, The vertebral arches and the vertebral bodies, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, Teleostei, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, Bibliography of the notochord and vertebral column, Ribs, Sternum, Bibliography of the ribs and sternum.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-17|CHAPTER XVII. AUDITORY ORGAN, OLFACTORY ORGAN, AND SENSE ORGANS OF THE LATERAL LINE]]. Pp. 5 12 541. Auditory organs, pp. 512 531. General structure of auditory organs, PP- S 1 ^, 513. Auditory organs of the Coelenterata, pp. 513 515. Auditory organs of the Mollusca, pp. 515, 516. Auditory organs of the Crustacea, p. 516. Auditory organs of the Verlebrata, pp. 516 530. Auditory vesicle, pp. 517 524. Organ of Corti, pp. 524 527. Accessory structures connected with the organ of hearing of terrestrial vertebrata, pp. 527 530. Auditory organ of the Tunicata, pp. 530, 531. Bibliography of Auditory organs, p. 531. Olfactory organs, pp. 531 538. Bibliography of Olfactory organs, p. 538. Sense organs of the lateral line, pp. 538540. Bibliography of sense organs of lateral line, pp. 540, 541.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-19|'''The Skull''']] Preliminary remarks, The cartilaginous cranium, The parachordals and notochord, The trabecula, The sense capsules, The branchial skeleton, General structure of, Mandibular and hyoid arches, Elasmobranchii, Teleostei, Amphibia, Sauropsida, Mammalia, Membrane bones and ossifications of the cranium, Membrane bones, Ossifications of the cartilaginous cranium, Labial cartilages, Bibliography of the skull.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-18|CHAPTER XVIII. THE NOTOCHORD, THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, THE RIBS, AND THE STERNUM]]. Pp. 542 563. Introductory remarks on the origin of the skeleton, pp. 542 544. Bibliography of the origin of the skeleton, pp. 544, 545. The notochord and its cartilaginous sheath, pp. 545 549. The vertebral arches and the vertebral bodies, pp. 549 559- Cyclostomata, p. 549. Elasmobranchii, pp. 549553. Ganoidei, p. 553. Teleostei, p. 553. Amphibia, pp. 553 556. Reptilia, pp. 556, 557. Aves, pp. 557, 558. Mammalia, pp. 558, 559. Bibliography of the notochord and vertebral column, p. 560. Ribs, pp. 560562. Sternum, pp. 562, 563. Bibliography of the ribs and sternum, p. 563.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-20|'''Pectoral And Pelvic Girdles And The Skeleton Of The Limbs''']] The Pectoral girdle, Pisces, Amphibia and Amniota, Lacertilia, Chelonia, Aves, Mammalia, Amphibia, Bibliography of Pectoral girdle, The Pelvic girdle, Pisces, Amphibia and Amniota, Amphibia, Lacertilia, Mammalia, Bibliography of Pelvic girdle, Comparison of pectoral and -pelvic girdles, Limbs, The piscine fin, The cheiropterygium, Bibliography of limbs.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-19|CHAPTER XIX. THE SKULL]]. Pp. 564598. Preliminary remarks, pp. 564, 565. The cartilaginous cranium, pp. 565571. The parachordals and notochord, pp. 566, 567. The trabecula', pp. 567570. The sense capsules, pp. 570, 571. The branchial skeleton, pp. 572 591. General structure of, pp. 572 575. Mandibular and hyoid arches, pp. 575 591. Elasmobranchii, pp. 576579. Teleostei, pp. 579581. Amphibia, pp. 581588. Sauropsida, pp. 588, 589. Mammalia, pp. 589591. Membrane bones and ossifications of the cranium, pp. 592 597. Membrane bones, pp. 592 595. Ossifications of the cartilaginous cranium, pp. 595 597. Labial cartilages, p. 597. Bibliography of the skull, p. 598.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-21|'''The Body Cavity, The Vascular System And The Vascular Glands''']] The body cavity, General, Chordata, Abdominal pores, Pericardial cavities, pleural cavities and diaphragm, Bibliography of body cavity, The Vascular System, General, The heart, Bibliography of the heart, Arterial system, Bibliography of the arterial system, Venous system, Bibliography of the venous system, Lymphatic system and spleen, Bibliography of spleen, Suprarenal bodies, Bibliography of suprarenal bodies.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-20|CHAPTER XX. PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES AND THE SKELETON OF THE LIMBS]]. Pp. 599 622.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-22|'''The Muscular System''']] Evolution of muscle-cells, Voluntary muscular system of the Chordata, Muscular fibres, Muscular system of the trunk and limbs, The somites and muscular system of the head, Bibliography of muscular system,
The Pectoral girdle, pp. 599 606. Pisces, pp. 599601. Amphibia and Amniota, pp. 601, 602. Lacertilia, p. 603. Chelonia, p. 603. Aves, pp.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-23|'''Excretory Organs''']] Platyelminthes, Mollusca, Polyzoa, Branchiopoda, Choctopoda, Gephyrea, Discophora, Arthropocla, Nematoda, Excretory organs and generative ducts of the Craniata, General, Elasmobranchii, Cyclostomata, Teleostei, Ganoidei, Dipnoi, Amphibia, Amniota, General conclusions and summary, Pronephros, Mesonephros, Genital ducts, Metanephros, Comparison of the excretory organs of the Chordata and Invertebrata, Bibliography of Excretory organs.
603, 604. Mammalia, p. 604. Amphibia, p. 605. Bibliography of Pectoral girdle, pp. 605, 606. The Pelvic girdle, pp. 606 608. Pisces, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia and Amniota, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia, p. 607. Lacertilia, p. 607. Mammalia, p. 608. Bibliography of Pelvic girdle, p. 608. Comparison of pectoral and -pelvic girdles, pp. 608, 609. Limbs, pp. 609- -622. The piscine fin, pp. 609 618. The cheiropterygium, pp. 618622. Bibliography of limbs, p. 622.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-24|'''Generative Organs And Genital Ducts''']] Generative organs, Porifera, Coelenterata, Chtetopoda and Gephyrea, Chastognatha, Polyzoa, Nematoda, Insecta, Crustacea, Chordata, Bibliography of generative organs, Genital ducts.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-21|CHAPTER XXI. THE BODY CAVITY, THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE VASCULAR GLANDS]]. Pp. 623 666.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-25|'''The Alimentary Canal And Its Appendages In The Chordata''']] Mesenteron, Subnotochordal rod, Splanchnic mesoblast and mesentery, Respiratory division of the Mesenteron, Thyroid body, Thymus gland, Swimming bladder and lungs, The middle division of the Mesenteron, Cloaca, Intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Posjtanal section of the Mesenteron, The stomodseum, Comparative development of oral cavity, Teeth, The proctodseum, Bibliography of alimentary canal.
The body cavity, pp. 623632. General, pp. 623, 624. Chordat'a, pp. 624632. Abdominal pores, pp. 626, 627. Pericardial cavities, pleural cavities and diaphragm, pp. 627 632. Bibliography of body cavity, p. 632. The Vascular System, pp. 632663. General, pp. 632, 633. The heart, pp. 633643. Bibliography of the heart, p. 643. Arterial system, pp. 643651. Bibliography of the arterial system, p. 651. Venous system, pp. 651 663. Bibliography of the venous system, p. 663. Lymphatic system and spleen, p. 664. Bibliography of spleen, p. 664. Suprarenal bodies, pp. 664666. Bibliography of suprarenal bodies, p. 666.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-22|CHAPTER XXII. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM]]. Pp. 667 679. Evolution of muscle-cells, pp. 667, 668. Voluntary muscular system of the Chordata, pp. 668 679. Muscular fibres, pp. 668, 669. Muscular system of the trunk and limbs, pp. 673 6/6. The somites and muscular system of the head, pp. 676 671;. Bibliography of muscular system, p. 679.
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-23|CHAPTER XXIII. EXCRETORY ORGANS]]. Pp. 680 740. Platyelminthes, pp. 680, 681. Mollusca, pp. 681, 682. Polyzoa, pp. 682, 683. Branchiopoda, p. 683. Choctopoda, pp. 683 686. Gephyrea, pp. 686, 687. Discophora, pp.687, 688. Arthropocla, pp.688, 689. Nematoda, p. 689. Excretory organs and generative ducts of the Craniata, pp. 689737. General, pp. 689, 690. Elasmobranchii, pp. 690 699. Cyclostomata, pp. 700, 701. Teleostei, pp. 701 704. Ganoidei, pp. 704707. Dipnoi, p. 707. Amphibia, pp. 707 713. Amniota, pp. 713 727. General conclusions and summary, pp. 728737. Pronephros, pp. 728, 729. Mesonephros, pp. 729732. Genital ducts, pp. 732736. Metanephros, pp. 736, 737. Comparison of the excretory organs of the Chordata and Invertebrata, pp. 737, 738. Bibliography of Excretory organs, pp. 738 740.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-24|CHAPTER XXIV. GENERATIVE ORGANS AND GENITAL DUCTS]]. Pp. 741753Generative organs, pp. 741748. Porifera, p. 741. Ccelenterata, pp.  741 743. Chtetopoda and Gephyrea, p. 743. Chastognatha, pp. 743 745. Polyzoa, p. 745. Nematoda, p. 745. Insecta, p. 745. Crustacea, pp. 745, 746. Chordata, pp. 746748. Bibliography of generative organs, p. 748. Genital ducts, pp. 748753.  
# [[The Works of Francis Balfour 3-25|CHAPTER XXV. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND ITS APPENDAGES IN THE CHORDATA]]. Pp. 754780. Mesenteron, pp. 754774- Subnotochordal rod, pp. 7S475 6 - Splanchnic mesoblast and mesentery, pp. 756758. Respiratory division of the Mesenteron, pp. 758766. Thyroid body, pp. 759762. Thymus gland, pp. 762, 763. Swimming bladder and lungs, pp. 763766, The middle division of the Mesenteron, pp. 766771. Cloaca, pp. 766, 767. Intestine, pp. 767, 768. Liver, pp. 769, 770. Pancreas, pp. 770, 771. Posjtanal section of the Mesenteron, pp. 771774. The stomodseum, pp. 774 778. Comparative development of oral cavity, PP- 774776. Teeth, pp. 776778. The proctodseum, pp. 778 780. Bibliography of alimentary canal, p. 780.

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Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Online Editor 
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This historic 1930 book edited by Foster and Sedgwick is the third of Francis Balfour's collected works published in four editions. Francis (Frank) Maitland Balfour, known as F. M. Balfour, (November 10, 1851 - July 19, 1882) was a British biologist who co-authored embryology textbooks.



The Works of Francis Balfour

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. I. Separate Memoirs (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. IV. Plates (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.


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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

The Works of Francis Balfour

Francis Balfour (1851-1882)
Francis Balfour (1851-1882)

Volume III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2

M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE,

AND PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CAMBRIDGE.


EDITED BY M. FOSTER, F.R.S.,

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE;

AND

ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A.,

FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.


VOL. III.

A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY. Vol. II. Vertebrata.


London :

MACMILLAN AND CO. 1885


Preface

The present volume completes my treatise on Comparative Embryology. The first eleven chapters deal with the developmental history of the Chordata. These are followed by three comparative chapters completing the section of the work devoted to Systematic Embryology. The remainder of the treatise, from Chapter XIV. onwards, is devoted to Organogeny. For the reasons stated in the introduction to this part the organogeny of the Chordata has been treated with much greater fulness than that of the other groups of Metazoa.

My own investigations have covered the ground of the present volume much more completely than they did that of the first volume ; a not inconsiderable proportion of the facts recorded having been directly verified by me.

The very great labour of completing this volume has been much lightened by the assistance I have received from my friends and pupils. Had it not been for their co-operation a large number of the disputed points, which I have been able to investigate during the preparation of the work, must have been left untouched.

My special thanks are due to Mr Sedgwick, who has not only devoted a very large amount of time and labour to correcting the proofs, but has made for me an index of this volume, and has assisted me in many other ways.

Dr Allen Thomson and Professor Kleinenberg of Messina have undertaken the ungrateful task of looking through my proof-sheets, and have made suggestions which have proved most valuable. To Professors Parker, Turner, and Bridge, I am also greatly indebted for their suggestions with reference to special chapters of the work.

Contents Of Volume II

  1. Cephalochorda Segmentation and formation of the layers, Central nervous system, Mesoblast, General history of larva.
  2. Urochorda Solitaria, Development of embryo, Growth and structure of free larva, Retrogressive metamorphosis, Sedentaria, Natantia, Doliolida:, Salpida, Appendicularia, Metagenesis.
  3. Elasmobranchii Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 40 47. Epiblast, p. 47. Mesoblast, pp. 47 51. Hypoblast and notochord, pp. 51 54. General features of the embryo at successive stages, pp. 55 62. The yolk-sack, pp. 62-66.
  4. Teleostei Segmentation and formation of the layers, General history of the layers, General development of the embryo.
  5. Cyclostomata Segmentation and formation of the layers, Mesoblast and notochord, General history of the development, Metamorphosis, Myxine.
  6. Ganoidei Acipenser, no. Segmentation and formation of the layers, General development of the embryo and larva, Lepidosleus, Segmentation, General development of embryo and larva, General observations on the embryology of Ganoids.
  7. Amphibia. Oviposition and impregnation, Formation of the layers, Epiblast, Mesoblast and notochord, Hypoblast, General growth of the embryo, Anura, Urodela, Gymnophiona.
  8. Aves Segmentation and formation of the layers, General history of the germinal layers, General development of the embryo, Fetal membranes, Amnion, Allantois, Yolk-sack.
  9. Reptilia Lacertilia, Segmentation and formation of the layers, General development of the embryo, Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, Ophidia, Ckelonia.
  10. Mammalia Segmentation and formation of the layers, General growth of the embryo, Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, Comparative history of the Mammalian foetal membranes, Comparative histology of the placenta, Evolution of the placenta, Development of the Guinea-pig, The human embryo.
  11. Comparison Of The Formation Of The Germinal Layers And Of The Early Stages In The Development Of Vertebrates Formation of the gastrula, The formation of the mesoblast and of the notochord, The epiblast, Formation of the central nervous system, Formation of the organs of special sense, Summary of organs derived from the three germinal layers, Growth in length of the Vertebrate embryo, The evolution of the allantois and amnion.
  12. Observations On The Ancestral Form Of The Chordata. General considerations, The medullary canal, The origin and nature of the mouth, The cranial flexure, The postanal gut and neurentcric canal, The body-cavity and mesoblastic somites, The notochord, Gill clefts, Phylogeny of the Chordata.
  13. General Conclusions I. Mode of origin and homologies of the germinal layers, Formation of the primary germinal layers, Invagination, Delamination, Phylogenetic significance of delamination and invagination, Homologies of the germinal layers, IT- .545' 346- The origin of the mesoblast, EL Larval forms: their nature, origin, and affinities. Preliminary considerations, pp. 360 362. Types of larva-, pp. 363 384. Phylogenetic conclusions, General conclusions and summary, pp. 385, 386.
  14. The Epidermis And Its Derivatives. Protective epidermic structures, Dermal skeletal structures, Glands.
  15. The Nervous System The origin of the nervous system, Nervous system of the Invertebrata, Central nervous system of the Vertebrata, Spinal chord, General development of the brain, Hind-brain, Mid-brain, General development of fore-brain, Thalamencephalon, Pituitary body, Cerebral Hemispheres, Olfactory lobes, General conclusions as to the central nervous system of the Vertebrata, Development of the cranial and spinal nerves, Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves, Sympathetic nervous system.
  16. Organs Of Vision Coelenterata, Mollusca, Chsetopoda, Chastognatha, Arthropoda, Vertebrata general, Retina, Optic nerve, Choroid fissure, Lens, Vitreous humour, pp. 494, 495. Cornea, Aqueous humour, Comparative development of Vertebrate eye, Ammoccete eye, Optic vesicles, Lens, Cornea, Optic nerve' and choroid fissure, pp. 500 505. Iris and ciliary processes, p. 506. Accessory organs connected with the eye, Eyelids, Lacrymal glands, Lacrymal duct, Eye of the Tunicata, Accessory eyes in the Vertebrata.
  17. Auditory Organ, Olfactory Organ, And Sense Organs Of The Lateral Line Auditory organs, General structure of auditory organs, Auditory organs of the Coelenterata, Auditory organs of the Mollusca, Auditory organs of the Crustacea, p. 516. Auditory organs of the Verlebrata, Auditory vesicle, Organ of Corti, Accessory structures connected with the organ of hearing of terrestrial vertebrata, Auditory organ of the Tunicata, Bibliography of Auditory organs, Olfactory organs, Bibliography of Olfactory organs, Sense organs of the lateral line, Bibliography of sense organs of lateral line.
  18. The Notochord, The Vertebral Column, The Ribs, And The Sternum Introductory remarks on the origin of the skeleton, Bibliography of the origin of the skeleton, The notochord and its cartilaginous sheath, The vertebral arches and the vertebral bodies, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, Teleostei, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, Bibliography of the notochord and vertebral column, Ribs, Sternum, Bibliography of the ribs and sternum.
  19. The Skull Preliminary remarks, The cartilaginous cranium, The parachordals and notochord, The trabecula, The sense capsules, The branchial skeleton, General structure of, Mandibular and hyoid arches, Elasmobranchii, Teleostei, Amphibia, Sauropsida, Mammalia, Membrane bones and ossifications of the cranium, Membrane bones, Ossifications of the cartilaginous cranium, Labial cartilages, Bibliography of the skull.
  20. Pectoral And Pelvic Girdles And The Skeleton Of The Limbs The Pectoral girdle, Pisces, Amphibia and Amniota, Lacertilia, Chelonia, Aves, Mammalia, Amphibia, Bibliography of Pectoral girdle, The Pelvic girdle, Pisces, Amphibia and Amniota, Amphibia, Lacertilia, Mammalia, Bibliography of Pelvic girdle, Comparison of pectoral and -pelvic girdles, Limbs, The piscine fin, The cheiropterygium, Bibliography of limbs.
  21. The Body Cavity, The Vascular System And The Vascular Glands The body cavity, General, Chordata, Abdominal pores, Pericardial cavities, pleural cavities and diaphragm, Bibliography of body cavity, The Vascular System, General, The heart, Bibliography of the heart, Arterial system, Bibliography of the arterial system, Venous system, Bibliography of the venous system, Lymphatic system and spleen, Bibliography of spleen, Suprarenal bodies, Bibliography of suprarenal bodies.
  22. The Muscular System Evolution of muscle-cells, Voluntary muscular system of the Chordata, Muscular fibres, Muscular system of the trunk and limbs, The somites and muscular system of the head, Bibliography of muscular system,
  23. Excretory Organs Platyelminthes, Mollusca, Polyzoa, Branchiopoda, Choctopoda, Gephyrea, Discophora, Arthropocla, Nematoda, Excretory organs and generative ducts of the Craniata, General, Elasmobranchii, Cyclostomata, Teleostei, Ganoidei, Dipnoi, Amphibia, Amniota, General conclusions and summary, Pronephros, Mesonephros, Genital ducts, Metanephros, Comparison of the excretory organs of the Chordata and Invertebrata, Bibliography of Excretory organs.
  24. Generative Organs And Genital Ducts Generative organs, Porifera, Coelenterata, Chtetopoda and Gephyrea, Chastognatha, Polyzoa, Nematoda, Insecta, Crustacea, Chordata, Bibliography of generative organs, Genital ducts.
  25. The Alimentary Canal And Its Appendages In The Chordata Mesenteron, Subnotochordal rod, Splanchnic mesoblast and mesentery, Respiratory division of the Mesenteron, Thyroid body, Thymus gland, Swimming bladder and lungs, The middle division of the Mesenteron, Cloaca, Intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Posjtanal section of the Mesenteron, The stomodseum, Comparative development of oral cavity, Teeth, The proctodseum, Bibliography of alimentary canal.