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File:Rugh 023.jpg|Late development of the frog ovary.
File:Rugh 023.jpg|Late development of the frog ovary.
File:Rugh 024.jpg|Small ovarian egg of the frog surrounded by its follicle.
File:Rugh 024.jpg|Small ovarian egg of the frog surrounded by its follicle.
File:Rugh 025.jpg|
File:Rugh 025.jpg|Section of a mature ovarian egg to show the area of ultimate follicular rupture and the surrounding membranes of the egg
File:Rugh 026.jpg|
File:Rugh 026.jpg|Growing Oocyte of the Frog
File:Rugh 027.jpg|
File:Rugh 027.jpg|Reactions of the frog ovary to stimulation by the frog anterior pituitary hormone
File:Rugh 028.jpg|Photograph of Rana pipiens female body cavity at the height of ovulation
File:Rugh 028.jpg|Photograph of Rana pipiens female body cavity at the height of ovulation
File:Rugh 029.jpg|
File:Rugh 029.jpg|Deposition of jelly on the frog's egg
File:Rugh 030.jpg|
File:Rugh 030.jpg|Recently emptied ovarian follicle of the frog
File:Rugh 031.jpg|
File:Rugh 031.jpg|Follicular rupture and ovulation in the frog
File:Rugh 032.jpg|
File:Rugh 032.jpg|Photograph of the open body cavity of an actively ovulating female frog showing the entrance of an egg into the ostium
File:Rugh 033.jpg|Distribution of coelomic cilia within the body cavity of the female frog
File:Rugh 033.jpg|Distribution of coelomic cilia within the body cavity of the female frog
File:Rugh 034.jpg|
File:Rugh 034.jpg|Passage of eggs through the oviduct
File:Rugh 035.jpg|
File:Rugh 035.jpg|Oviducts of the frog under various states of sexual activity
File:Rugh 036.jpg|
File:Rugh 036.jpg|Prophases of the heterotypic division in the female (ovary of tadpole)
File:Rugh 037.jpg|
File:Rugh 037.jpg|Normal nuclear growth cycle of the ovum of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh 038.jpg|
File:Rugh 038.jpg|Ovarial wall of Rami temporaria
File:Rugh 039.jpg|
File:Rugh 039.jpg|The entire set of chromosomes of Rana lemporaria
File:Rugh_040.jpg|
File:Rugh_040.jpg|Similarity of frog and of salamander chromosome structure
File:Rugh_041.jpg|
File:Rugh_041.jpg|Lateral loops of the amphibian chromosome
File:Rugh_042.jpg|
File:Rugh_042.jpg|Chromosomes in the amphibian nucleus
File:Rugh_043.jpg|
File:Rugh_043.jpg|Diploid metaphase chromosomes from the tail fin of a 15day-old Rana pipiens tadpole
File:Rugh_044.jpg|Isolated germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Rami pipiens
File:Rugh_044.jpg|Isolated germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Rami pipiens
File:Rugh_045.jpg|Stage 5 germinal vesicle of Rami catesbiana
File:Rugh_045.jpg|Stage 5 germinal vesicle of Rami catesbiana
Line 61: Line 61:
File:Rugh_047.jpg|The maturation divisions in the female (Axolotl)
File:Rugh_047.jpg|The maturation divisions in the female (Axolotl)
File:Rugh_048.jpg|The position of the anterior pituitary of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_048.jpg|The position of the anterior pituitary of Rana pipiens
</gallery>
==Chapter 4 - Fertilization of the Frog's Egg==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_049.jpg|Amplexus in the toad Bufo fowleri
File:Rugh_050.jpg|Oviposition and fertilization in Rana
File:Rugh_051.jpg|The egg of the frog 35 minutes after fertilization
File:Rugh_052.jpg|Polar body emergence Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_053.jpg|The four stages in polar body emergence in Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_054.jpg|Invasion of the frog's egg by a spermatozoon
File:Rugh_055.jpg|Fertilization of the Frog's Egg
File:Rugh_056.jpg|Surface changes of the Frog's Egg at the time of Fertilization
File:Rugh_057.jpg|Formation ol the gray crescent
</gallery>
==Chapter 5 - Cleavage==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_058.jpg|The first cleavage
File:Rugh_059.jpg|The 4-cell stage
File:Rugh_060.jpg|The third, fourth, and fifth cleavages from the animal pole and lateral views
</gallery>
==Chapter 6 - Blastulation==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_061.jpg|Progressive Stages in Blastulation
File:Rugh_062.jpg|Blastulation in the Frog
</gallery>
==Chapter 7 - Gastrulation==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_063.jpg|Derivatives of the Primary Germ Layers
File:Rugh_064.jpg|Morphogenetic Movements during Gastrulation and Neurulation
File:Rugh_065.jpg|Fate map showing presumptive regions of the anuran blastula
File:Rugh_066.jpg|Gastrulation in the frog, Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_067.jpg|Blastula to tail bud stages
File:Rugh_068.jpg|Gastrula
File:Rugh_069.jpg|Blastula to Gastrula Directions of Movement
File:Rugh_070.jpg|Involutional movements during gastrulation outlined on the living gastrula
File:Rugh_071.jpg|The Process of Gastrulation in the Frog
File:Rugh_072.jpg|Surface Changes during Gastrulation in the Frog
File:Rugh_073.jpg|Gastrulation and mesoderm formation
File:Rugh_074.jpg|Gastrulation and mesoderm formation
File:Rugh_075.jpg|Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog
File:Rugh_076.jpg|Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog
File:Rugh_077.jpg|Rotation of the amphibian egg in the gravitational field during gastrulation
File:Rugh_078.jpg|Rotation of the amphibian egg during gastrulation
</gallery>
==Chapter 8 - Neurulation and Early Organogeny==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_079.jpg|Formation of the Neural Tube
File:Rugh_080.jpg|Gastrulation and early neurulation in the frog
File:Rugh_081.jpg|Development of the frog (Rana pipiens) from the yolk plug stage to the neurula.
File:Rugh_082.jpg|Early development of caudal structures
File:Rugh_083.jpg|Organ fields or anlagen of the closed neural tube stage
File:Rugh_084.jpg|Photograph of the neurenteric canal of the late neurula stage in the frog
File:Rugh_085.jpg|A face view of the 5 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_086.jpg|Anlagen of the head region 5 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_087.jpg|The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section
File:Rugh_088.jpg|Development of the respiratory systems of the frog larvae
File:Rugh_089.jpg|The 3 mm frog tadpole sagittal section
File:Rugh_090.jpg|Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate
File:Rugh_091.jpg|Formation of the tail bud
File:Rugh_092.jpg|Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate
</gallery>
==Chapter 9 - A Survey of the Major Developmental Changes in the Early Embryo==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_093.jpg|Development of the Eye of the Frog
File:Rugh_094.jpg|Photograph of endocrine anlagen at the 5 mm stage of the frog tadpole
File:Rugh_095.jpg|Reconstruction of the 5 mm tadpole in sagittal section
File:Rugh_096.jpg|Three-dimensional representation of the late neurula stage of the frog Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_097.jpg|Three-dimensional representation of the tail bud stage of the frog embryo Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_098.jpg|Frontal ( horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the developing heart
File:Rugh_099.jpg|The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section
File:Rugh_100.jpg|The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse sections through the mid-body level
File:Rugh_101.jpg|The 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level photograph of cross section
File:Rugh_102.jpg|Frontal (horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the pharynx
File:Rugh_103.jpg|The earliest complete closed blood vascular system of the frog embryo (found at the 4 mm stage)
File:Rugh_104.jpg|Frontal section through the level of the heart of the 7 mm tadpole
File:Rugh_105.jpg|The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the thyroid gland
File:Rugh_106.jpg|The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the heart
File:Rugh_107.jpg|Development of the Heart of the Frog Embryo
File:Rugh_108.jpg|Representative transverse sections of an 8 mm frog larva
</gallery>
==Chapter 10 - A Survey or the Later Embryo or Larva==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_109.jpg|Development of the external gills of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_110.jpg|Tadpole with external gills
File:Rugh_111.jpg|The 7 mm frog larva in serial frontal sections
</gallery>
==Chapter 11 - The Germ Layer Derivatives - The Ectoderm and Its Derivatives==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_112.jpg|Early organogeny of the frog tadpole, showing the primary brain vesicles in sagittal section
File:Rugh_113.jpg|Pre-metamorphic stage
File:Rugh_114.jpg|Adult brain
File:Rugh_115.jpg|Reconstruction of the 7 mm frog larva showing the major organ systems from the right side
File:Rugh_116.jpg|Development of the pituitary gland of the frog
File:Rugh_117.jpg|Median sagittal section of the 7 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_118.jpg|Median sagittal section of the 11 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_119.jpg|Development of the spinal cord of the frog Spinal cord of the 7 mm larva
File:Rugh_120.jpg|Schematic diagram of the developing eye parts of the frog
File:Rugh_122.jpg|View into the larval eye Rana pipiens, photograph
File:Rugh_122.jpg|Development of the optic cup and lens in Siredon pisciformis
File:Rugh_123.jpg|Development of the amphibian eye
File:Rugh_124.jpg|Schematic Diagram through Frog's Eye
File:Rugh_125.jpg|Auditory apparatus of an 11 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_126.jpg|Development of the auditory apparatus of the frog
File:Rugh_127.jpg|External and internal nares of the 11 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_128.jpg|Development of the olfactory organ of the frog
File:Rugh_129.jpg|Origin of the lateral line sense organ system in the frog larva
File:Rugh_130.jpg|Origin and derivatives of the cranial ganglia
File:Rugh_131.jpg|Early organogeny the 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level
File:Rugh_132.jpg|Development of the spinal cord and sympathetic nerves
File:Rugh_133.jpg|Relation of the spinal and the sympathetic nervous systems.
File:Rugh_134.jpg|Brain of the adult frog.
File:Rugh_135.jpg|Sagittal section through the anterior end of the 8 mm frog larva.
</gallery>
==Chapter 12 - The Endodermal Derivatives==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_137.jpg|Frontal (horizontal) reconstruction of the external gill stage of the frog larva
File:Rugh_138.jpg|Relation of the pharynx to the internal and external gills of the frog transverse section
File:Rugh_139.jpg|Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog
File:Rugh_140.jpg|Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog
File:Rugh_141.jpg|Thyroid gland at the time of metamorphosis
File:Rugh_142.jpg|
File:Rugh_143.jpg|
</gallery>
==Chapter 13 - The Mesodermal Derivatives==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_143.jpg|Rana pipiens embryonic chondrocranium.
File:Rugh_144.jpg|Skull of Rana during metamorphosis
File:Rugh_145.jpg|Skull of Rana during metamorphosis
File:Rugh_146.jpg|Development of the thyroid gland and related hyoid cartilages
File:Rugh_147.jpg|Development of the pronephric tubule
File:Rugh_148.jpg|Persistent nephrostomes of the frog
File:Rugh_149.jpg|Urogenital system of the male frog during amplexus
File:Rugh_150.jpg|Adrenal gland of the recently metamorphosed frog
File:Rugh_151.jpg|Adrenal cortical anlage at the 10 mm. stage of the frog tadpole
File:Rugh_152.jpg|Schematized diagram through the level of the gonad primordium of the 11 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_153.jpg|Gonad primordia of the 11 mm frog tadpole
File:Rugh_154.jpg|Primordial germ cells (g.c.) in the tadpole of the common frog {Rana temporaria)
File:Rugh_155.jpg|Sections through the gonads of Anurans before and after differentiation
File:Rugh_156.jpg|The coelom and its derivatives in the frog
File:Rugh_157.jpg|Development of the amphibian heart
File:Rugh_158.jpg|Larval respiration in the frog. Development of the external gills
File:Rugh_159.jpg|Larval respiration in the frog. Changes from internal to external gill circulation
File:Rugh_160.jpg|Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Early embryo, from the right side.
File:Rugh_161.jpg|Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Late frog embryo, from the right side.
File:Rugh_162.jpg|Fate of the aortic arches of the frog embryo
File:Rugh_163.jpg|Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Venous system ventral view
File:Rugh_164.jpg|Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Arterial system ventral view
File:Rugh_165.jpg|Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva
File:Rugh_166.jpg|Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva
</gallery>
==Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens==
<gallery>
File:Rugh_167.jpg|Parts of the middle and inner ear of the frog schematized drawing
File:Rugh_168.jpg|Olfactory organs of Rana pipiens tadpoles at 20 mm total body length
File:Rugh_169.jpg|Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_170.jpg|Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_171.jpg|Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_172.jpg|Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_173.jpg|Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens
File:Rugh_174.jpg|Adult Frog
</gallery>
</gallery>




{{Rugh1951 footer}}
{{Rugh1951 footer}}

Latest revision as of 22:52, 26 April 2013

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Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.

Frog Development (1951): 1 Introduction | 2 Rana pipiens | 3 Reproductive System | 4 Fertilization | 5 Cleavage | 6 Blastulation | 7 Gastrulation | 8 Neurulation | 9 Early Embryo Changes | 10 Later Embryo or Larva | 11 Ectodermal Derivatives | 12 Endodermal Derivatives | 13 Mesodermal Derivatives | 14 Summary of Organ Appearance | 15 Glossary | 16 Bibliography | Figures
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Figures

This gallery of images was not a section in the original book.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

  • Frog's egg and swollen jelly shortly after fertilization.

    Frog's egg and swollen jelly shortly after fertilization.

  • Spermist's conception of the human figure in miniature (1769-1832).

    Spermist's conception of the human figure in miniature (1769-1832).

  • Planes in which the embryo may be cut or sectioned.

    Planes in which the embryo may be cut or sectioned.

Chapter 2 - General Introduction to the Embryology of the Leopard Frog Rana pipiens

  • The leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

    The leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

  • Early development of the frog's egg.

    Early development of the frog's egg.

  • Gastrulation in the frog.

    Gastrulation in the frog.

  • Early development of the frog embryo.

    Early development of the frog embryo.

  • Early development of the frog embryo. Ventral view of the 11 mm larva.

    Early development of the frog embryo. Ventral view of the 11 mm larva.

  • Development and absorption of the external gills of the frog larva.

    Development and absorption of the external gills of the frog larva.

  • Metamorphosis of the frog, Rana catesbiana.

    Metamorphosis of the frog, Rana catesbiana.

  • Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

    Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

  • Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

    Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

  • Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

    Stages in the Normal Development of Rana pipiens.

Chapter 3 - Reproductive System of the Adult Frog Rana pipiens

  • The oocyte and spermatozoa maturation process. Schematized drawings.

    The oocyte and spermatozoa maturation process. Schematized drawings.

  • Prophases of the heterotype division in the male Axolotl.

    Prophases of the heterotype division in the male Axolotl.

  • Normal cyclic changes in the primary and secondary sexual characters of the frog, Rana pipiens.

    Normal cyclic changes in the primary and secondary sexual characters of the frog, Rana pipiens.

  • Spermatogenesis in the frog, Rana pipiens.

    Spermatogenesis in the frog, Rana pipiens.

  • Spermatogenetic stages in the seminiterous tubule of the frog testis.

    Spermatogenetic stages in the seminiterous tubule of the frog testis.

  • Frog spermatozoon.

    Frog spermatozoon.

  • Kidney of the male frog during amplexus.

    Kidney of the male frog during amplexus.

  • Brain regions for the mediation of sexual behaviour.

    Brain regions for the mediation of sexual behaviour.

  • Urogenital system of the male frog.

    Urogenital system of the male frog.

  • Late development of the frog ovary.

    Late development of the frog ovary.

  • Small ovarian egg of the frog surrounded by its follicle.

    Small ovarian egg of the frog surrounded by its follicle.

  • Section of a mature ovarian egg to show the area of ultimate follicular rupture and the surrounding membranes of the egg

    Section of a mature ovarian egg to show the area of ultimate follicular rupture and the surrounding membranes of the egg

  • Growing Oocyte of the Frog

    Growing Oocyte of the Frog

  • Reactions of the frog ovary to stimulation by the frog anterior pituitary hormone

    Reactions of the frog ovary to stimulation by the frog anterior pituitary hormone

  • Photograph of Rana pipiens female body cavity at the height of ovulation

    Photograph of Rana pipiens female body cavity at the height of ovulation

  • Deposition of jelly on the frog's egg

    Deposition of jelly on the frog's egg

  • Recently emptied ovarian follicle of the frog

    Recently emptied ovarian follicle of the frog

  • Follicular rupture and ovulation in the frog

    Follicular rupture and ovulation in the frog

  • Photograph of the open body cavity of an actively ovulating female frog showing the entrance of an egg into the ostium

    Photograph of the open body cavity of an actively ovulating female frog showing the entrance of an egg into the ostium

  • Distribution of coelomic cilia within the body cavity of the female frog

    Distribution of coelomic cilia within the body cavity of the female frog

  • Passage of eggs through the oviduct

    Passage of eggs through the oviduct

  • Oviducts of the frog under various states of sexual activity

    Oviducts of the frog under various states of sexual activity

  • Prophases of the heterotypic division in the female (ovary of tadpole)

    Prophases of the heterotypic division in the female (ovary of tadpole)

  • Normal nuclear growth cycle of the ovum of Rana pipiens

    Normal nuclear growth cycle of the ovum of Rana pipiens

  • Ovarial wall of Rami temporaria

    Ovarial wall of Rami temporaria

  • The entire set of chromosomes of Rana lemporaria

    The entire set of chromosomes of Rana lemporaria

  • Similarity of frog and of salamander chromosome structure

    Similarity of frog and of salamander chromosome structure

  • Lateral loops of the amphibian chromosome

    Lateral loops of the amphibian chromosome

  • Chromosomes in the amphibian nucleus

    Chromosomes in the amphibian nucleus

  • Diploid metaphase chromosomes from the tail fin of a 15day-old Rana pipiens tadpole

    Diploid metaphase chromosomes from the tail fin of a 15day-old Rana pipiens tadpole

  • Isolated germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Rami pipiens

    Isolated germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Rami pipiens

  • Stage 5 germinal vesicle of Rami catesbiana

    Stage 5 germinal vesicle of Rami catesbiana

  • Production of ova and the process of ovulation

    Production of ova and the process of ovulation

  • The maturation divisions in the female (Axolotl)

    The maturation divisions in the female (Axolotl)

  • The position of the anterior pituitary of Rana pipiens

    The position of the anterior pituitary of Rana pipiens

Chapter 4 - Fertilization of the Frog's Egg

  • Amplexus in the toad Bufo fowleri

    Amplexus in the toad Bufo fowleri

  • Oviposition and fertilization in Rana

    Oviposition and fertilization in Rana

  • The egg of the frog 35 minutes after fertilization

    The egg of the frog 35 minutes after fertilization

  • Polar body emergence Rana pipiens

    Polar body emergence Rana pipiens

  • The four stages in polar body emergence in Rana pipiens

    The four stages in polar body emergence in Rana pipiens

  • Invasion of the frog's egg by a spermatozoon

    Invasion of the frog's egg by a spermatozoon

  • Fertilization of the Frog's Egg

    Fertilization of the Frog's Egg

  • Surface changes of the Frog's Egg at the time of Fertilization

    Surface changes of the Frog's Egg at the time of Fertilization

  • Formation ol the gray crescent

    Formation ol the gray crescent

Chapter 5 - Cleavage

  • The first cleavage

    The first cleavage

  • The 4-cell stage

    The 4-cell stage

  • The third, fourth, and fifth cleavages from the animal pole and lateral views

    The third, fourth, and fifth cleavages from the animal pole and lateral views

Chapter 6 - Blastulation

  • Progressive Stages in Blastulation

    Progressive Stages in Blastulation

  • Blastulation in the Frog

    Blastulation in the Frog

Chapter 7 - Gastrulation

  • Derivatives of the Primary Germ Layers

    Derivatives of the Primary Germ Layers

  • Morphogenetic Movements during Gastrulation and Neurulation

    Morphogenetic Movements during Gastrulation and Neurulation

  • Fate map showing presumptive regions of the anuran blastula

    Fate map showing presumptive regions of the anuran blastula

  • Gastrulation in the frog, Rana pipiens

    Gastrulation in the frog, Rana pipiens

  • Blastula to tail bud stages

    Blastula to tail bud stages

  • Gastrula

    Gastrula

  • Blastula to Gastrula Directions of Movement

    Blastula to Gastrula Directions of Movement

  • Involutional movements during gastrulation outlined on the living gastrula

    Involutional movements during gastrulation outlined on the living gastrula

  • The Process of Gastrulation in the Frog

    The Process of Gastrulation in the Frog

  • Surface Changes during Gastrulation in the Frog

    Surface Changes during Gastrulation in the Frog

  • Gastrulation and mesoderm formation

    Gastrulation and mesoderm formation

  • Gastrulation and mesoderm formation

    Gastrulation and mesoderm formation

  • Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog

    Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog

  • Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog

    Blastula to gastrula stages in the frog

  • Rotation of the amphibian egg in the gravitational field during gastrulation

    Rotation of the amphibian egg in the gravitational field during gastrulation

  • Rotation of the amphibian egg during gastrulation

    Rotation of the amphibian egg during gastrulation

Chapter 8 - Neurulation and Early Organogeny

  • Formation of the Neural Tube

    Formation of the Neural Tube

  • Gastrulation and early neurulation in the frog

    Gastrulation and early neurulation in the frog

  • Development of the frog (Rana pipiens) from the yolk plug stage to the neurula.

    Development of the frog (Rana pipiens) from the yolk plug stage to the neurula.

  • Early development of caudal structures

    Early development of caudal structures

  • Organ fields or anlagen of the closed neural tube stage

    Organ fields or anlagen of the closed neural tube stage

  • Photograph of the neurenteric canal of the late neurula stage in the frog

    Photograph of the neurenteric canal of the late neurula stage in the frog

  • A face view of the 5 mm frog tadpole

    A face view of the 5 mm frog tadpole

  • Anlagen of the head region 5 mm frog tadpole

    Anlagen of the head region 5 mm frog tadpole

  • The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section

    The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section

  • Development of the respiratory systems of the frog larvae

    Development of the respiratory systems of the frog larvae

  • The 3 mm frog tadpole sagittal section

    The 3 mm frog tadpole sagittal section

  • Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate

    Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate

  • Formation of the tail bud

    Formation of the tail bud

  • Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate

    Formation of the neural groove and neural tube from the neural (medullary) plate

Chapter 9 - A Survey of the Major Developmental Changes in the Early Embryo

  • Development of the Eye of the Frog

    Development of the Eye of the Frog

  • Photograph of endocrine anlagen at the 5 mm stage of the frog tadpole

    Photograph of endocrine anlagen at the 5 mm stage of the frog tadpole

  • Reconstruction of the 5 mm tadpole in sagittal section

    Reconstruction of the 5 mm tadpole in sagittal section

  • Three-dimensional representation of the late neurula stage of the frog Rana pipiens

    Three-dimensional representation of the late neurula stage of the frog Rana pipiens

  • Three-dimensional representation of the tail bud stage of the frog embryo Rana pipiens

    Three-dimensional representation of the tail bud stage of the frog embryo Rana pipiens

  • Frontal ( horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the developing heart

    Frontal ( horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the developing heart

  • The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section

    The 7 mm frog tadpole frontal section

  • The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse sections through the mid-body level

    The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse sections through the mid-body level

  • The 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level photograph of cross section

    The 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level photograph of cross section

  • Frontal (horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the pharynx

    Frontal (horizontal) section of the 7 mm frog larva at the level of the pharynx

  • The earliest complete closed blood vascular system of the frog embryo (found at the 4 mm stage)

    The earliest complete closed blood vascular system of the frog embryo (found at the 4 mm stage)

  • Frontal section through the level of the heart of the 7 mm tadpole

    Frontal section through the level of the heart of the 7 mm tadpole

  • The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the thyroid gland

    The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the thyroid gland

  • The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the heart

    The 7 mm frog tadpole transverse section through the level of the heart

  • Development of the Heart of the Frog Embryo

    Development of the Heart of the Frog Embryo

  • Representative transverse sections of an 8 mm frog larva

    Representative transverse sections of an 8 mm frog larva

Chapter 10 - A Survey or the Later Embryo or Larva

  • Development of the external gills of Rana pipiens

    Development of the external gills of Rana pipiens

  • Tadpole with external gills

    Tadpole with external gills

  • The 7 mm frog larva in serial frontal sections

    The 7 mm frog larva in serial frontal sections

Chapter 11 - The Germ Layer Derivatives - The Ectoderm and Its Derivatives

  • Early organogeny of the frog tadpole, showing the primary brain vesicles in sagittal section

    Early organogeny of the frog tadpole, showing the primary brain vesicles in sagittal section

  • Pre-metamorphic stage

    Pre-metamorphic stage

  • Adult brain

    Adult brain

  • Reconstruction of the 7 mm frog larva showing the major organ systems from the right side

    Reconstruction of the 7 mm frog larva showing the major organ systems from the right side

  • Development of the pituitary gland of the frog

    Development of the pituitary gland of the frog

  • Median sagittal section of the 7 mm frog tadpole

    Median sagittal section of the 7 mm frog tadpole

  • Median sagittal section of the 11 mm frog tadpole

    Median sagittal section of the 11 mm frog tadpole

  • Development of the spinal cord of the frog Spinal cord of the 7 mm larva

    Development of the spinal cord of the frog Spinal cord of the 7 mm larva

  • Schematic diagram of the developing eye parts of the frog

    Schematic diagram of the developing eye parts of the frog

  • View into the larval eye Rana pipiens, photograph

    View into the larval eye Rana pipiens, photograph

  • Development of the optic cup and lens in Siredon pisciformis

    Development of the optic cup and lens in Siredon pisciformis

  • Development of the amphibian eye

    Development of the amphibian eye

  • Schematic Diagram through Frog's Eye

    Schematic Diagram through Frog's Eye

  • Auditory apparatus of an 11 mm frog tadpole

    Auditory apparatus of an 11 mm frog tadpole

  • Development of the auditory apparatus of the frog

    Development of the auditory apparatus of the frog

  • External and internal nares of the 11 mm frog tadpole

    External and internal nares of the 11 mm frog tadpole

  • Development of the olfactory organ of the frog

    Development of the olfactory organ of the frog

  • Origin of the lateral line sense organ system in the frog larva

    Origin of the lateral line sense organ system in the frog larva

  • Origin and derivatives of the cranial ganglia

    Origin and derivatives of the cranial ganglia

  • Early organogeny the 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level

    Early organogeny the 5 mm frog tadpole at mid-body level

  • Development of the spinal cord and sympathetic nerves

    Development of the spinal cord and sympathetic nerves

  • Relation of the spinal and the sympathetic nervous systems.

    Relation of the spinal and the sympathetic nervous systems.

  • Brain of the adult frog.

    Brain of the adult frog.

  • Sagittal section through the anterior end of the 8 mm frog larva.

    Sagittal section through the anterior end of the 8 mm frog larva.

Chapter 12 - The Endodermal Derivatives

  • Frontal (horizontal) reconstruction of the external gill stage of the frog larva

    Frontal (horizontal) reconstruction of the external gill stage of the frog larva

  • Relation of the pharynx to the internal and external gills of the frog transverse section

    Relation of the pharynx to the internal and external gills of the frog transverse section

  • Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog

    Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog

  • Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog

    Early development of the thyroid gland of the frog

  • Thyroid gland at the time of metamorphosis

    Thyroid gland at the time of metamorphosis

  • Rugh 142.jpg
  • Rugh 143.jpg

Chapter 13 - The Mesodermal Derivatives

  • Rana pipiens embryonic chondrocranium.

    Rana pipiens embryonic chondrocranium.

  • Skull of Rana during metamorphosis

    Skull of Rana during metamorphosis

  • Skull of Rana during metamorphosis

    Skull of Rana during metamorphosis

  • Development of the thyroid gland and related hyoid cartilages

    Development of the thyroid gland and related hyoid cartilages

  • Development of the pronephric tubule

    Development of the pronephric tubule

  • Persistent nephrostomes of the frog

    Persistent nephrostomes of the frog

  • Urogenital system of the male frog during amplexus

    Urogenital system of the male frog during amplexus

  • Adrenal gland of the recently metamorphosed frog

    Adrenal gland of the recently metamorphosed frog

  • Adrenal cortical anlage at the 10 mm. stage of the frog tadpole

    Adrenal cortical anlage at the 10 mm. stage of the frog tadpole

  • Schematized diagram through the level of the gonad primordium of the 11 mm frog tadpole

    Schematized diagram through the level of the gonad primordium of the 11 mm frog tadpole

  • Gonad primordia of the 11 mm frog tadpole

    Gonad primordia of the 11 mm frog tadpole

  • Primordial germ cells (g.c.) in the tadpole of the common frog {Rana temporaria)

    Primordial germ cells (g.c.) in the tadpole of the common frog {Rana temporaria)

  • Sections through the gonads of Anurans before and after differentiation

    Sections through the gonads of Anurans before and after differentiation

  • The coelom and its derivatives in the frog

    The coelom and its derivatives in the frog

  • Development of the amphibian heart

    Development of the amphibian heart

  • Larval respiration in the frog. Development of the external gills

    Larval respiration in the frog. Development of the external gills

  • Larval respiration in the frog. Changes from internal to external gill circulation

    Larval respiration in the frog. Changes from internal to external gill circulation

  • Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Early embryo, from the right side.

    Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Early embryo, from the right side.

  • Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Late frog embryo, from the right side.

    Blood vascular system of the developing frog embryo Late frog embryo, from the right side.

  • Fate of the aortic arches of the frog embryo

    Fate of the aortic arches of the frog embryo

  • Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Venous system ventral view

    Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Venous system ventral view

  • Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Arterial system ventral view

    Blood vascular system of the frog tadpole Arterial system ventral view

  • Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva

    Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva

  • Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva

    Serial transverse sections of the 11 mm frog larva

Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens

  • Parts of the middle and inner ear of the frog schematized drawing

    Parts of the middle and inner ear of the frog schematized drawing

  • Olfactory organs of Rana pipiens tadpoles at 20 mm total body length

    Olfactory organs of Rana pipiens tadpoles at 20 mm total body length

  • Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

    Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

  • Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

    Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

  • Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

    Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

  • Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

    Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

  • Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

    Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens

  • Adult Frog

    Adult Frog


Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
Frog Development (1951): 1 Introduction | 2 Rana pipiens | 3 Reproductive System | 4 Fertilization | 5 Cleavage | 6 Blastulation | 7 Gastrulation | 8 Neurulation | 9 Early Embryo Changes | 10 Later Embryo or Larva | 11 Ectodermal Derivatives | 12 Endodermal Derivatives | 13 Mesodermal Derivatives | 14 Summary of Organ Appearance | 15 Glossary | 16 Bibliography | Figures

Reference

Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 17. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_The_Frog_Its_Reproduction_and_Development_17

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