Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 14: Difference between revisions
(Created page with "{{Rugh1951 header}} ==Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens== Stage 17: 3 mm. total body length. Blastopore closes, neurenteric canal ...") |
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==Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens== | ==Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of ''Rana pipiens''== | ||
Stage 17: 3 mm | ===Stage 17: 3 mm total body length=== | ||
Blastopore closes, neurenteric canal transient, neural tube closed | Blastopore closes, neurenteric canal transient, neural tube closed | ||
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gill plates, optic vesicles, and both auditory and olfactory placodes. | gill plates, optic vesicles, and both auditory and olfactory placodes. | ||
Stage 18: 4 mm | ===Stage 18: 4 mm total body length=== | ||
First evidence of muscular movement, primary brain differentiations, infundibulum and hypophysis still separate, lateral line nerve | First evidence of muscular movement, primary brain differentiations, infundibulum and hypophysis still separate, lateral line nerve | ||
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single posteriorly, vitelline veins prominent and functional. | single posteriorly, vitelline veins prominent and functional. | ||
Stage 19: 5 mm | ===Stage 19: 5 mm total body length=== | ||
Epiphysis well developed as evagination of prosencephalon, infundibulum, and hypophysis are approximated in position, thyroid | Epiphysis well developed as evagination of prosencephalon, infundibulum, and hypophysis are approximated in position, thyroid | ||
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===Stage 20: 6 mm total body length=== | |||
Stage 20: 6 mm | |||
Hatches, oral suckers at maximum development, blood system well | Hatches, oral suckers at maximum development, blood system well | ||
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of retina, and sympathetic nervous system arises from neural crests. | of retina, and sympathetic nervous system arises from neural crests. | ||
Stage 21: 7 mm | ===Stage 21: 7 mm total body length=== | ||
Transition from larva to tadpole, mouth open, cornea transparent, | Transition from larva to tadpole, mouth open, cornea transparent, | ||
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===Stage 22: 8 mm total body length=== | |||
Stage 22: 8 mm | |||
Heart partitions completed and heart differentiated, circulation reaches tail fin, lung buds develop, sub-notochordal rod disappears and mesonephros begins to form. | Heart partitions completed and heart differentiated, circulation reaches tail fin, lung buds develop, sub-notochordal rod disappears and mesonephros begins to form. | ||
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Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens. (Stage I) The oral sucker elevations | Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens. (Stage I) The oral sucker elevations | ||
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bud is twice its diameter. The distal half of the bud is bent ventrad. There is no flattening of the tip. (Continued on facing page.) | bud is twice its diameter. The distal half of the bud is bent ventrad. There is no flattening of the tip. (Continued on facing page.) | ||
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Stage 23: 9 mm | ===Stage 23: 9 mm total body length=== | ||
Mouth developing with embryonic teeth, opercular fold begins | Mouth developing with embryonic teeth, opercular fold begins | ||
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(except abducens) well developed including all parts of trigeminal. | (except abducens) well developed including all parts of trigeminal. | ||
Stage 24: 10 mm | ===Stage 24: 10 mm total body length=== | ||
Atrophy of mucous glands, mouth with horny jaws and cornified lips takes in vegetable diet, intestine long and looped, operculum closed on right side, thyroid bifurcates and separates from pharynx, spleen anlage appears, two or three branchial clefts break through, mesonephros developing, utricle separated from saccule by oblique partition, all semi-circular canals indicated, optic lobes formed, median cardinal vein appears, and posterior vena cava begins to develop. | |||
===Stage 25: 11 mm total body length=== | |||
Cilia lost except on tail, operculum completed, cornification of horny rasping papillae of jaws and lips, oesophagus differentiated from stomach, lung buds invested with mesenchyme, pronephros large and conspicuous, retina develops rods and cones, olfactory apparatus develops lateral appendix, internal choanae open, olfactory nerve is derived from olfactory lobe neuroblasts, and abducens is formed from neuroblasts of medulla. | |||
===12 mm total body length stage=== | |||
Olfactory tube develops complete lumen from external nares to internal choanae, thymus separates from dorsal part of first branchial pouch and comes to lie posterior to tympanic membrane near mandibular muscles, maximum development of the pronephros which degenerates by 20 mm. stage, cortical (interrenal) adrenal arises from peritoneum in vicinity of cardinal veins, paired gonad primordia prominent. | |||
15 mm | ===15 mm total body length stage=== | ||
Notochordal cartilage sheath develops, vertebrae begin to appear, | Notochordal cartilage sheath develops, vertebrae begin to appear, saccule gives rise to lagena (cochlea) and to a basilar chamber, sensory patches appear in ear epithelium, lateral line organ fully developed, mesonephric tubules associated with median cardinal vein. | ||
saccule gives rise to lagena (cochlea) and to a basilar chamber, sensory patches appear in ear epithelium, lateral line organ fully | |||
Metamorphosis at 75 to 90 days | ===Metamorphosis at 75 to 90 days=== | ||
Loss of horny jaws, widening of mouth, shortening of gut and | Loss of horny jaws, widening of mouth, shortening of gut and changing of its histology to conform with a change from vegetable diet to an omnivorous diet, loss of tail with its 32 pairs of spinal nerves and development of two pairs of legs, shedding of larval skin, disappearance of lateral line system as frog leaves aquatic environment, loss of caudal veins, full development of tongue, active functioning of endocrine glands (particularly thyroid and pituitary), and appearance of differentiated gonads containing maturing gametes. | ||
changing of its histology to conform with a change from vegetable | |||
diet to an omnivorous diet, loss of tail with its 32 pairs of spinal | |||
nerves and development of two pairs of legs, shedding of larval skin, | |||
disappearance of lateral line system as frog leaves aquatic environment, loss of caudal veins, full development of tongue, active functioning of endocrine glands (particularly thyroid and pituitary), and | |||
appearance of differentiated gonads containing maturing gametes. | |||
{{Rugh1951 footer}} | {{Rugh1951 footer}} | ||
Revision as of 17:45, 5 April 2013
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Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.
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Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens
Stage 17: 3 mm total body length
Blastopore closes, neurenteric canal transient, neural tube closed but no differentiation of central nervous system, body elongated with back curve changing from convex to concave, myotomes evident but movement by surface ciliation. Internally most of major organ systems begin to appear including heart mesenchyme, visceral arches, and lateral plate mesoderm, pronephros, hypochordal rod, sense and gill plates, optic vesicles, and both auditory and olfactory placodes.
Stage 18: 4 mm total body length
First evidence of muscular movement, primary brain differentiations, infundibulum and hypophysis still separate, lateral line nerve develops from vagus placode, auditory placode becomes separated from head ectoderm, lens placode formed, ventral roots develop from spinal cord, hypochordal rod separated from gut, notochord becomes vacuolated and acquires an elastic and a fibrous coating from sclerotome, oesophageal plug formed, dorsal aorta paired anteriorly and single posteriorly, vitelline veins prominent and functional.
Stage 19: 5 mm total body length
Epiphysis well developed as evagination of prosencephalon, infundibulum, and hypophysis are approximated in position, thyroid evagination develops, trigeminal nerve from first cranial crest and placode, facial and auditory nerves from second cranial crest and placode, lens vesicle separated from head ectoderm, 45 pairs of somites developed (by 5.5 mm. stage), 32 of which are in tail, muscles with fibrillae, sclerotome abundant, heart differentiated and beating.
Stage 20: 6 mm total body length
Hatches, oral suckers at maximum development, blood system well developed, including endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium of the heart, pulmonary veins develop but do not function, gill circulation abundant, blood islands numerous, lymph hearts first appear at level of somites III and IV, pronephros with glomi and segmental duct become partially embedded in posterior cardinal veins, a solid rod of ectoderm cells extend from olfactory pit to pharynx, four cranial ganglionic masses appear, optic nerve develops from neuroblasts of retina, and sympathetic nervous system arises from neural crests.
Stage 21: 7 mm total body length
Transition from larva to tadpole, mouth open, cornea transparent, cerebral hemispheres and vesicles differentiated, endolymphatic duct open to surface, heart folding upon itself, paired and metameric dorsal root ganglia, interatrial septum separates auricles, sex cell (genital) ridge appears.
Stage 22: 8 mm total body length
Heart partitions completed and heart differentiated, circulation reaches tail fin, lung buds develop, sub-notochordal rod disappears and mesonephros begins to form.
Olfactory organs of Rana pipiens tadpoles at 20 mm. total body length.
(af) Anterior choanal fold,
(cc) Choanal canal,
(ct) Cornu trabeculae.
(cv) Christa ventralis.
(ec) Entrance canal,
(ig) Inferior canal.
(ir) Inferior recess.
(b) Lateral appendix.
(Ig) Lateral groove.
(pf) Posterior pharyngeal fold.
(pr) Posterior recess.
(sc) Superior cavity.
(Courtesy, Ruth Cooper, /. Exper. ZooL, 93:415.)
Stages in the metamorphosis of Rana pipiens. (Stage I) The oral sucker elevations have completely disappeared. Four rows of labial teeth are present, one pre-oral and three post-oral. Chromatophores have appeared and become numerous on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, and extend progressively ventrad. The limb bud is visible as a faintly circumscribed elevation in the groove between the base of the tail and the belly wall. The height of the elevation is less than half the diameter of the disk. {Stage H) The height of the limb bud elevation (i.e., the length of the bud) is equal to half of its diameter. The first row of post-oral labial teeth is usually at the middle to form a pair of crescents. On the dorsal surface of the head the lateral line system is becoming conspicuous as pigment-free lines, especially in darkly pigmented individuals. The melanophore patches covering the gill region on either side usually meet in a narrow band ventral to the heart. (Stage 111) The length of the limb bud is equal to its diameter, and it continues to grow both in length and diameter at an approximately equal rate. This stage is relatively long in duration. (Stage IV) The length of the limb bud is equal to one and a half times its diameter. (Stage V) The length of the limb bud is twice its diameter. The distal half of the bud is bent ventrad. There is no flattening of the tip. (Continued on facing page.)
Stage 23: 9 mm total body length
Mouth developing with embryonic teeth, opercular fold begins backward growth, tongue anlage appears, carotid glands develop from ventral wall of first branchial pouch, epithelioid bodies from wall of second and third branchial pouches, oesophageal plug disappears, pancreas anlage is formed, pharyngeal arteries as well as subclavians grow from dorsal aorta, mesenteric and lumbar arteries appear, parachordal plate develops in floor of cranium, brain develops anterior choroid plexus, optic lobes, and cerebellum, cranial nerves (except abducens) well developed including all parts of trigeminal.
Stage 24: 10 mm total body length
Atrophy of mucous glands, mouth with horny jaws and cornified lips takes in vegetable diet, intestine long and looped, operculum closed on right side, thyroid bifurcates and separates from pharynx, spleen anlage appears, two or three branchial clefts break through, mesonephros developing, utricle separated from saccule by oblique partition, all semi-circular canals indicated, optic lobes formed, median cardinal vein appears, and posterior vena cava begins to develop.
Stage 25: 11 mm total body length
Cilia lost except on tail, operculum completed, cornification of horny rasping papillae of jaws and lips, oesophagus differentiated from stomach, lung buds invested with mesenchyme, pronephros large and conspicuous, retina develops rods and cones, olfactory apparatus develops lateral appendix, internal choanae open, olfactory nerve is derived from olfactory lobe neuroblasts, and abducens is formed from neuroblasts of medulla.
12 mm total body length stage
Olfactory tube develops complete lumen from external nares to internal choanae, thymus separates from dorsal part of first branchial pouch and comes to lie posterior to tympanic membrane near mandibular muscles, maximum development of the pronephros which degenerates by 20 mm. stage, cortical (interrenal) adrenal arises from peritoneum in vicinity of cardinal veins, paired gonad primordia prominent.
15 mm total body length stage
Notochordal cartilage sheath develops, vertebrae begin to appear, saccule gives rise to lagena (cochlea) and to a basilar chamber, sensory patches appear in ear epithelium, lateral line organ fully developed, mesonephric tubules associated with median cardinal vein.
Metamorphosis at 75 to 90 days
Loss of horny jaws, widening of mouth, shortening of gut and changing of its histology to conform with a change from vegetable diet to an omnivorous diet, loss of tail with its 32 pairs of spinal nerves and development of two pairs of legs, shedding of larval skin, disappearance of lateral line system as frog leaves aquatic environment, loss of caudal veins, full development of tongue, active functioning of endocrine glands (particularly thyroid and pituitary), and appearance of differentiated gonads containing maturing gametes.
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Reference
Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 14. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_The_Frog_Its_Reproduction_and_Development_14
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
