Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 14: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 20:25, 26 April 2013

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.

Frog Development (1951): 1 Introduction | 2 Rana pipiens | 3 Reproductive System | 4 Fertilization | 5 Cleavage | 6 Blastulation | 7 Gastrulation | 8 Neurulation | 9 Early Embryo Changes | 10 Later Embryo or Larva | 11 Ectodermal Derivatives | 12 Endodermal Derivatives | 13 Mesodermal Derivatives | 14 Summary of Organ Appearance | 15 Glossary | 16 Bibliography | Figures
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Appendix: Chronological Summary of Organ Anlagen Appearance of Rana pipiens

Stage 17: 3 mm total body length

Blastopore closes, neurenteric canal transient, neural tube closed but no differentiation of central nervous system, body elongated with back curve changing from convex to concave, myotomes evident but movement by surface ciliation. Internally most of major organ systems begin to appear including heart mesenchyme, visceral arches, and lateral plate mesoderm, pronephros, hypochordal rod, sense and gill plates, optic vesicles, and both auditory and olfactory placodes.

Stage 18: 4 mm total body length

First evidence of muscular movement, primary brain differentiations, infundibulum and hypophysis still separate, lateral line nerve develops from vagus placode, auditory placode becomes separated from head ectoderm, lens placode formed, ventral roots develop from spinal cord, hypochordal rod separated from gut, notochord becomes vacuolated and acquires an elastic and a fibrous coating from sclerotome, oesophageal plug formed, dorsal aorta paired anteriorly and single posteriorly, vitelline veins prominent and functional.

Stage 19: 5 mm total body length

Epiphysis well developed as evagination of prosencephalon, infundibulum, and hypophysis are approximated in position, thyroid evagination develops, trigeminal nerve from first cranial crest and placode, facial and auditory nerves from second cranial crest and placode, lens vesicle separated from head ectoderm, 45 pairs of somites developed (by 5.5 mm. stage), 32 of which are in tail, muscles with fibrillae, sclerotome abundant, heart differentiated and beating.

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Parts of the middle and inner ear of the frog. Schematized drawing.

Stage 20: 6 mm total body length

Hatches, oral suckers at maximum development, blood system well developed, including endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium of the heart, pulmonary veins develop but do not function, gill circulation abundant, blood islands numerous, lymph hearts first appear at level of somites III and IV, pronephros with glomi and segmental duct become partially embedded in posterior cardinal veins, a solid rod of ectoderm cells extend from olfactory pit to pharynx, four cranial ganglionic masses appear, optic nerve develops from neuroblasts of retina, and sympathetic nervous system arises from neural crests.

Stage 21: 7 mm total body length

Transition from larva to tadpole, mouth open, cornea transparent, cerebral hemispheres and vesicles differentiated, endolymphatic duct open to surface, heart folding upon itself, paired and metameric dorsal root ganglia, interatrial septum separates auricles, sex cell (genital) ridge appears.


Stage 22: 8 mm total body length

Heart partitions completed and heart differentiated, circulation reaches tail fin, lung buds develop, sub-notochordal rod disappears and mesonephros begins to form.


Rugh 168.jpg

Olfactory organs of Rana pipiens tadpoles at 20 mm total body length.

  • af - Anterior choanal fold
  • cc - Choanal canal
  • ct - Cornu trabeculae
  • cv - Christa ventralis
  • ec - Entrance canal
  • ig - Inferior canal
  • ir - Inferior recess
  • b - Lateral appendix
  • Ig - Lateral groove
  • pf - Posterior pharyngeal fold
  • pr - Posterior recess
  • sc - Superior cavity

Stage 23: 9 mm total body length

Mouth developing with embryonic teeth, opercular fold begins backward growth, tongue anlage appears, carotid glands develop from ventral wall of first branchial pouch, epithelioid bodies from wall of second and third branchial pouches, oesophageal plug disappears, pancreas anlage is formed, pharyngeal arteries as well as subclavians grow from dorsal aorta, mesenteric and lumbar arteries appear, parachordal plate develops in floor of cranium, brain develops anterior choroid plexus, optic lobes, and cerebellum, cranial nerves (except abducens) well developed including all parts of trigeminal.

Stage 24: 10 mm total body length

Atrophy of mucous glands, mouth with horny jaws and cornified lips takes in vegetable diet, intestine long and looped, operculum closed on right side, thyroid bifurcates and separates from pharynx, spleen anlage appears, two or three branchial clefts break through, mesonephros developing, utricle separated from saccule by oblique partition, all semi-circular canals indicated, optic lobes formed, median cardinal vein appears, and posterior vena cava begins to develop.

Stage 25: 11 mm total body length

Cilia lost except on tail, operculum completed, cornification of horny rasping papillae of jaws and lips, oesophagus differentiated from stomach, lung buds invested with mesenchyme, pronephros large and conspicuous, retina develops rods and cones, olfactory apparatus develops lateral appendix, internal choanae open, olfactory nerve is derived from olfactory lobe neuroblasts, and abducens is formed from neuroblasts of medulla.

12 mm total body length stage

Olfactory tube develops complete lumen from external nares to internal choanae, thymus separates from dorsal part of first branchial pouch and comes to lie posterior to tympanic membrane near mandibular muscles, maximum development of the pronephros which degenerates by 20 mm. stage, cortical (interrenal) adrenal arises from peritoneum in vicinity of cardinal veins, paired gonad primordia prominent.


15 mm total body length stage

Notochordal cartilage sheath develops, vertebrae begin to appear, saccule gives rise to lagena (cochlea) and to a basilar chamber, sensory patches appear in ear epithelium, lateral line organ fully developed, mesonephric tubules associated with median cardinal vein.

Metamorphosis at 75 to 90 days

Loss of horny jaws, widening of mouth, shortening of gut and changing of its histology to conform with a change from vegetable diet to an omnivorous diet, loss of tail with its 32 pairs of spinal nerves and development of two pairs of legs, shedding of larval skin, disappearance of lateral line system as frog leaves aquatic environment, loss of caudal veins, full development of tongue, active functioning of endocrine glands (particularly thyroid and pituitary), and appearance of differentiated gonads containing maturing gametes.


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Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
Frog Development (1951): 1 Introduction | 2 Rana pipiens | 3 Reproductive System | 4 Fertilization | 5 Cleavage | 6 Blastulation | 7 Gastrulation | 8 Neurulation | 9 Early Embryo Changes | 10 Later Embryo or Larva | 11 Ectodermal Derivatives | 12 Endodermal Derivatives | 13 Mesodermal Derivatives | 14 Summary of Organ Appearance | 15 Glossary | 16 Bibliography | Figures

Reference

Rugh R. Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development. (1951) The Blakiston Company.


Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 14. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_The_Frog_Its_Reproduction_and_Development_14

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