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<center>'''QUAIN'S'''
[[File:Quains Elements of Anatomy 1878.jpg|thumb|300px]]
=Quain's' Elements of Anatomy=
<center>
Edited By


'''ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY'''
William Sharpey, M.D, Ll.D., F.R.S. L. & K,


Emeritus Professor Of Anatomy And Physiology In University College, London


Allen Thomson. M.D., Ll.D., F.R.S. L. & E,


Professor Of Anatomy In The, University Of Glasgow


And


EDITED BY
Edward Albert Schafer


WILLIAM SHARPEY, M.D, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & K,  
Assistant Professor Of Physiology In University College, London


EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON


ALLEN THOMSON. M.D., LL.D., F.RS. L. & E,


PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
In Two Volumes. Illustrated By Upwards Of 950 Engravings On Wood.


AND


EDWARD ALBERT SCHAFER
VOL. II
 
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON
 
 
 
IN TWO VOLUMES.
 
 
 
ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF 950 ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.
 
 
 
VOL. IL


   
   




New York
William Wood And Co., Publishers


27 Great Jones Street


NEW YORK
1878
WILLIAM WOOD AND CO., PUBLISHERS
 
27 GREAT JONES STREET
1878.
</center>
</center>
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
==Embryology or Development of the Foetus and its Organs==
==Embryology or Development of the Foetus and its Organs==


The Ovum : its Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation
Formation of the  Blastoderm
The Mature Ovarian Ovum


Distinction of the Germ
It is proposed to bring together in the present Section a short statement of the manner in which the parts of the body originate in the embryo, and acquire by development in the course of foetal life their complete form and structure. The collected facts bearing upon this subject constitute the department of anatomy known as Embryology, Embryological or Foetal Anatomy, or Foetal development, a knowledge of which is not only most interesting in itself, but is also of great importance for the elucidation of adult human anatomy and the whole science of Organic Morphology.


Disappearance of the Germinal Vesicle


Fecundation
Although much attention has been given to the structure of the human foetus at different periods of its growth, yet the materials are still wanting for a detailed history of its early development ; accordingly it is necessary for further elucidation to have recourse to the information obtained by studying the process in animals. But this illustration from analogy is fully warranted by the general conformity in the plan of development which has been ascertained to prevail among the higher vertebrate animals, and by the agreement with this plan of the more important phenomena which it has been possible to observe in the human species. In what follows, therefore, while the main object will be to state the more important facts which have been ascertained as to the development of the human ovum and embryo, the history of the phenomena as they occur in birds and mammals will also be referred to in so far as it tends to throw light on human embryology.


Segmentation of the Yolk


In the Mammal's Ovum
===About the Authors and the Online Edition===


In the Bird's Ovum
'''Jones Quain''' (1796 – 1865) was an Irish anatomist and professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of London. His textbook "Elements of Anatomy" was first published in 1828.


The Blastoderm : its Structure and Relation to the Development of the Embryo
* '''William Sharpey''' (1802 – 1880) was a Scottish anatomist and physiologist. PMID 4934507
* '''Allen Thomson''' (1809 - 1884) was a Scottish anatomist and Regius Professor of Anatomy at the [http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0910&type=P University of Glasgow].
* '''Edward Albert Schafer''' (1850 - 1935) was an English physiologist.


Position and Extent
----


Trilaminar Structure
'''From the online editor''' - Currently only the Embryology section of the textbook is made available here online. It is also at only an early edited version. Please note as always that this is a historic textbook, provided only as a background for understanding the history of embryology. Ffigures in this textbook have been used directly, or redrawn, in several other historic textbooks.


Relation of the Layers to Development
Many of the developmental concepts described here have subsequently been changed with current research in embryology.


Discovery of the Blastodermic  Elements
Novice students should not use this information, but should read sections without the historic notation.


Short Outline of the more  General Phenomena of Development of the Ovum


Distinction of Embryonic and  Peripheral Phenomena
==Table of Contents==


Intra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_1|The Ovum : its Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation]]
* Formation of the  Blastoderm
* The Mature Ovarian Ovum
* Distinction of the Germ
* Disappearance of the Germinal Vesicle
* Fecundation
* Segmentation of the Yolk
* In the Mammal's Ovum
* In the Bird's Ovum


Axial Rudiment of tlie Embryo
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_2|The Blastoderm : its Structure and Relation to the Development of the Embryo]]
* Position and Extent
* Trilaminar Structure
* Relation of the Layers to Development
* Discovery of the Blastodermic  Elements
* Short Outline of the more  General Phenomena of Development of the Ovum
* Distinction of Embryonic and  Peripheral Phenomena
* Intra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
* Axial Rudiment of the Embryo


Cerebro-Spinal Axis
Cerebro-Spinal Axis
* The Notochord
* Protovertebrae
* Pleural Cleavage of the Lateral Parts of the Mesoblast
* Inflection of the Walls of the Body of the Embryo


The Notochord
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_3|The Cerebro-Spinal Nervous Centre]]
 
* The Nerves
Protovertebrae
* Organs of the Senses
 
* Vascular System
Pleural Cleavage of the Lateral Parts of the Mesoblast
* Alimentary Canal
 
* Reproductive and Urinary Organs
Inllection of the Walls of the Body of the Embryo
* The Limbs
 
* Extra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
The Cerebro-Spinal Nervous Centre
 
The Nerves
 
Organs of the Senses
 
Vascular System
 
Alimentary Canal
 
Reproductive and Urinary Organs
 
The Limbs
 
Extra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
 
Foetal Membranes
 
The Yolk-Sac
 
The Amnion
 
The Allantois : Urinaiy Vesicle
 
The Chorion
 
Villi of the Chorion
 
Endochorion or Vascular Layer of the Allantois
 
Uteiiogestation : Placentation
 
Incapsulation of the Ovum in the Decidua
 
Earliest Observed Human Ova
 
Formation of Decidua
 
Structure of the Placenta
 
Circulation of Blood in the Placenta
 
Further Consideration of the Structure of the Placenta
 
General Conclusion
 
Separation at Birth and Eestoration of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus
 
Development of Particular Organs and Systems
 
The Skeleton and Organs of Voluntary Motion
 
Vertebral Column and Trunk Segmentation of the Protovertebrae
 
Formation of Vertebral Matrices
 
The Head
 
The Cranium
 
The Cranial Flexures
 
Formation of the Mouth and
 
Hypophysis Cerebri
 
Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches
 
Eolations of Cranial Nerves
 
Origin and Formation of the Limbs
 
Development of the Muscles
 
Formation of the Joints
 
Development of the Organs OF the Nervous System
 
The Spinal Marrow
 
The Brain or Encephalon
 
General Phenomena of Development in Birds and  Mammals
 
Fartlier Development of the Brain in Man and Mammals
 
Development of the Nerves
 
Development of the Eye
 
Development of the Nose
 
Development of the Alimentary Canal and Organs arising from the Hypoblast
 
Alimentary Canal
 
The Liver
 
The Pancreas
 
The Spleen, Lymphatic Glands, Thymus and Thyroid Glands
 
Development of the Lungs and Trachea Pleurae
 
Pulmonary Vessels
 
Development of the Heart and Blood-Vessels
 
Development of the Heart
 
Origin of the Heart
 
Division into single Auricle
 
Ventricle, and Arteria Bulb
 
Division of the Cavities


Ventricles
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_4|Foetal Membranes]]
* The Yolk-Sac
* The Amnion
* The Allantois : Urinaiy Vesicle
* The Chorion
* Villi of the Chorion
* Endochorion or Vascular Layer of the Allantois
* Uteiiogestation : Placentation
* Incapsulation of the Ovum in the Decidua
* Earliest Observed Human Ova
* Formation of Decidua
* Structure of the Placenta
* Circulation of Blood in the Placenta
* Further Consideration of the Structure of the Placenta
* General Conclusion
* Separation at Birth and Eestoration of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus
* Development of Particular Organs and Systems


Division of the Auricles
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_5|The Skeleton and Organs of Voluntary Motion]]
* Vertebral Column and Trunk Segmentation of the Protovertebrae
* Formation of Vertebral Matrices
* The Head
* The Cranium
* The Cranial Flexures
* Formation of the Mouth and
* Hypophysis Cerebri
* Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches
* Relations of Cranial Nerves
* Origin and Formation of the Limbs
* Development of the Muscles
* Formation of the Joints


Division of the Arterial Bulb
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_6|Development of the Organs OF the Nervous System]]
* The Spinal Marrow
* The Brain or Encephalon
* General Phenomena of Development in Birds and  Mammals
* Fartlier Development of the Brain in Man and Mammals
* Development of the Nerves
* Development of the Eye
* Development of the Nose


Formation of the Valves
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_7|Development of the Alimentary Canal and Organs arising from the Hypoblast]]
 
* Alimentary Canal
Development of the Blood Vessels
* The Liver
 
* The Pancreas
The Principal Arteries : the Aorta
* The Spleen, Lymphatic Glands, Thymus and Thyroid Glands
 
Aortic or Branchial Arches
 
Development of the Great Veins
 
Peculiarities of the Foetal Organs of Circulation
Course of the Blood in the Foetus
 
Changes in the Circulation at Birth
 
Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs
 
Primary Formation of the UroGenital System
 
Wolffian Bodies
 
First Origin of the Wolffian Bodies
 
Homologies of the Wolffian Body
 
The External Organs
 
Further History of the Developmentof the Uro-Genital Organs
 
The Urinary Bladder and Urachus
 
Genital Cord
 
Reproductive Organs
 
Reproductive Glands  
 
The Testicle
 
The Ovary
 
The Genital Passages
The Female Passages


The Male Passages
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_8|Development of the Lungs and Trachea Pleurae]]
* Pulmonary Vessels


The Descent of the Testicles
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_9|Development of the Heart and Blood-Vessels]]
* Development of the Heart
* Origin of the Heart
* Division into single Auricle
* Ventricle, and Arteria Bulb
* Division of the Cavities
* Ventricles
* Division of the Auricles
* Division of the Arterial Bulb
* Formation of the Valves
* Development of the Blood Vessels
* The Principal Arteries : the Aorta
* Aortic or Branchial Arches
* Development of the Great Veins
* Peculiarities of the Foetal Organs of Circulation
* Course of the Blood in the Foetus
* Changes in the Circulation at Birth


Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs
[[Book_-_Quain%27s_Embryology_10|Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs]]
* Primary Formation of the UroGenital System
* Wolffian Bodies
* First Origin of the Wolffian Bodies
* Homologies of the Wolffian Body
* The External Organs
* Further History of the Developmentof the Uro-Genital Organs
* The Urinary Bladder and Urachus
* Genital Cord
* Reproductive Organs
* Reproductive Glands
* The Testicle
* The Ovary
* The Genital Passages
* The Female Passages
* The Male Passages
* The Descent of the Testicles
* Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs
* Table of Corresponding Parts of Genito-Urinary Organs, and their Relation to Formative Rudiments


Table of Corresponding Parts of Genito-Urinary Organs, and their Relation to Formative Rudiments
{{Quain  footer}}

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Sharpey W. Thomson A. and Schafer E.A. Quain's Elements of Anatomy. (1878) William Wood and Co., New York.

Online Editor - Please note this text is at an early stage of editing and as yet no figures have been uploaded.

1878 Elements of Anatomy: The Ovum | The Blastoderm | Fetal Membranes | Placenta | Musculoskeletal | Neural | Gastrointesinal | Respiratory | Cardiovascular | Urogenital
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
Quains Elements of Anatomy 1878.jpg

Quain's' Elements of Anatomy

Edited By

William Sharpey, M.D, Ll.D., F.R.S. L. & K,

Emeritus Professor Of Anatomy And Physiology In University College, London

Allen Thomson. M.D., Ll.D., F.R.S. L. & E,

Professor Of Anatomy In The, University Of Glasgow

And

Edward Albert Schafer

Assistant Professor Of Physiology In University College, London


In Two Volumes. Illustrated By Upwards Of 950 Engravings On Wood.


VOL. II



New York William Wood And Co., Publishers

27 Great Jones Street

1878

Embryology or Development of the Foetus and its Organs

It is proposed to bring together in the present Section a short statement of the manner in which the parts of the body originate in the embryo, and acquire by development in the course of foetal life their complete form and structure. The collected facts bearing upon this subject constitute the department of anatomy known as Embryology, Embryological or Foetal Anatomy, or Foetal development, a knowledge of which is not only most interesting in itself, but is also of great importance for the elucidation of adult human anatomy and the whole science of Organic Morphology.


Although much attention has been given to the structure of the human foetus at different periods of its growth, yet the materials are still wanting for a detailed history of its early development ; accordingly it is necessary for further elucidation to have recourse to the information obtained by studying the process in animals. But this illustration from analogy is fully warranted by the general conformity in the plan of development which has been ascertained to prevail among the higher vertebrate animals, and by the agreement with this plan of the more important phenomena which it has been possible to observe in the human species. In what follows, therefore, while the main object will be to state the more important facts which have been ascertained as to the development of the human ovum and embryo, the history of the phenomena as they occur in birds and mammals will also be referred to in so far as it tends to throw light on human embryology.


About the Authors and the Online Edition

Jones Quain (1796 – 1865) was an Irish anatomist and professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of London. His textbook "Elements of Anatomy" was first published in 1828.

  • William Sharpey (1802 – 1880) was a Scottish anatomist and physiologist. PMID 4934507
  • Allen Thomson (1809 - 1884) was a Scottish anatomist and Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Glasgow.
  • Edward Albert Schafer (1850 - 1935) was an English physiologist.

From the online editor - Currently only the Embryology section of the textbook is made available here online. It is also at only an early edited version. Please note as always that this is a historic textbook, provided only as a background for understanding the history of embryology. Ffigures in this textbook have been used directly, or redrawn, in several other historic textbooks.

Many of the developmental concepts described here have subsequently been changed with current research in embryology.

Novice students should not use this information, but should read sections without the historic notation.


Table of Contents

The Ovum : its Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation

  • Formation of the Blastoderm
  • The Mature Ovarian Ovum
  • Distinction of the Germ
  • Disappearance of the Germinal Vesicle
  • Fecundation
  • Segmentation of the Yolk
  • In the Mammal's Ovum
  • In the Bird's Ovum

The Blastoderm : its Structure and Relation to the Development of the Embryo

  • Position and Extent
  • Trilaminar Structure
  • Relation of the Layers to Development
  • Discovery of the Blastodermic Elements
  • Short Outline of the more General Phenomena of Development of the Ovum
  • Distinction of Embryonic and Peripheral Phenomena
  • Intra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
  • Axial Rudiment of the Embryo

Cerebro-Spinal Axis

  • The Notochord
  • Protovertebrae
  • Pleural Cleavage of the Lateral Parts of the Mesoblast
  • Inflection of the Walls of the Body of the Embryo

The Cerebro-Spinal Nervous Centre

  • The Nerves
  • Organs of the Senses
  • Vascular System
  • Alimentary Canal
  • Reproductive and Urinary Organs
  • The Limbs
  • Extra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development

Foetal Membranes

  • The Yolk-Sac
  • The Amnion
  • The Allantois : Urinaiy Vesicle
  • The Chorion
  • Villi of the Chorion
  • Endochorion or Vascular Layer of the Allantois
  • Uteiiogestation : Placentation
  • Incapsulation of the Ovum in the Decidua
  • Earliest Observed Human Ova
  • Formation of Decidua
  • Structure of the Placenta
  • Circulation of Blood in the Placenta
  • Further Consideration of the Structure of the Placenta
  • General Conclusion
  • Separation at Birth and Eestoration of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus
  • Development of Particular Organs and Systems

The Skeleton and Organs of Voluntary Motion

  • Vertebral Column and Trunk Segmentation of the Protovertebrae
  • Formation of Vertebral Matrices
  • The Head
  • The Cranium
  • The Cranial Flexures
  • Formation of the Mouth and
  • Hypophysis Cerebri
  • Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches
  • Relations of Cranial Nerves
  • Origin and Formation of the Limbs
  • Development of the Muscles
  • Formation of the Joints

Development of the Organs OF the Nervous System

  • The Spinal Marrow
  • The Brain or Encephalon
  • General Phenomena of Development in Birds and Mammals
  • Fartlier Development of the Brain in Man and Mammals
  • Development of the Nerves
  • Development of the Eye
  • Development of the Nose

Development of the Alimentary Canal and Organs arising from the Hypoblast

  • Alimentary Canal
  • The Liver
  • The Pancreas
  • The Spleen, Lymphatic Glands, Thymus and Thyroid Glands

Development of the Lungs and Trachea Pleurae

  • Pulmonary Vessels

Development of the Heart and Blood-Vessels

  • Development of the Heart
  • Origin of the Heart
  • Division into single Auricle
  • Ventricle, and Arteria Bulb
  • Division of the Cavities
  • Ventricles
  • Division of the Auricles
  • Division of the Arterial Bulb
  • Formation of the Valves
  • Development of the Blood Vessels
  • The Principal Arteries : the Aorta
  • Aortic or Branchial Arches
  • Development of the Great Veins
  • Peculiarities of the Foetal Organs of Circulation
  • Course of the Blood in the Foetus
  • Changes in the Circulation at Birth

Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs

  • Primary Formation of the UroGenital System
  • Wolffian Bodies
  • First Origin of the Wolffian Bodies
  • Homologies of the Wolffian Body
  • The External Organs
  • Further History of the Developmentof the Uro-Genital Organs
  • The Urinary Bladder and Urachus
  • Genital Cord
  • Reproductive Organs
  • Reproductive Glands
  • The Testicle
  • The Ovary
  • The Genital Passages
  • The Female Passages
  • The Male Passages
  • The Descent of the Testicles
  • Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs
  • Table of Corresponding Parts of Genito-Urinary Organs, and their Relation to Formative Rudiments



1878 Elements of Anatomy: The Ovum | The Blastoderm | Fetal Membranes | Placenta | Musculoskeletal | Neural | Gastrointesinal | Respiratory | Cardiovascular | Urogenital



Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

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