Book - Quain's Elements of Anatomy

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Sharpey W. Thomson A. and Schafer E.A. Quain's Elements of Anatomy. (1878) William Wood and Co., New York.

Online Editor - Please note this text is at an early stage of editing and as yet no figures have been uploaded.

1878 Elements of Anatomy: The Ovum | The Blastoderm | Fetal Membranes | Placenta | Musculoskeletal | Neural | Gastrointesinal | Respiratory | Cardiovascular | Urogenital

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages

Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

QUAIN'S ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY EDITED BY WILLIAM SHARPEY, M.D, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & K, EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON ALLEN THOMSON. M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW AND EDWARD ALBERT SCHAFER ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON IN TWO VOLUMES. ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF 950 ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. VOL. II NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND CO., PUBLISHERS 27 GREAT JONES STREET 1878

Embryology or Development of the Foetus and its Organs

It is proposed to bring together in the present Section a short statement of the manner in which the parts of the body originate in the embryo, and acquire by development in the course of foetal life their complete form and structure. The collected facts bearing upon this subject constitute the department of anatomy known as Embryology, Embryological or Foetal Anatomy, or Foetal development, a knowledge of which is not only most interesting in itself, but is also of great importance for the elucidation of adult human anatomy and the whole science of Organic Morphology.

Although much attention has been given to the structure of the human foetus at different periods of its growth, yet the materials are still wanting for a detailed history of its early development ; accordingly it is necessary for further elucidation to have recourse to the information obtained by studying the process in animals. But this illustration from analogy is fully warranted by the general conformity in the plan of development which has been ascertained to prevail among the higher vertebrate animals, and by the agreement with this plan of the more important phenomena which it has been possible to observe in the human species. In what follows, therefore, while the main object will be to state the more important facts which have been ascertained as to the development of the human ovum and embryo, the history of the phenomena as they occur in birds and mammals will also be referred to in so far as it tends to throw light on human embryology.

About the Authors and the Online Edition

Jones Quain (1796 – 1865) was an Irish anatomist and professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of London. His textbook "Elements of Anatomy" was first published in 1828.

• William Sharpey (1802 – 1880) was a Scottish anatomist and physiologist. PMID 4934507
• Allen Thomson (1809 - 1884) was a Scottish anatomist and Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Glasgow.
• Edward Albert Schafer (1850 - 1935) was an English physiologist.

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From the online editor - Currently only the Embryology section of the textbook is made available here online. It is also at only an early edited version. Please note as always that this is a historic textbook, provided only as a background for understanding the history of embryology. Ffigures in this textbook have been used directly, or redrawn, in several other historic textbooks.

Many of the developmental concepts described here have subsequently been changed with current research in embryology.

Novice students should not use this information, but should read sections without the historic notation.

Table of Contents

The Ovum : its Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation

• Formation of the Blastoderm
• The Mature Ovarian Ovum
• Distinction of the Germ
• Disappearance of the Germinal Vesicle
• Fecundation
• Segmentation of the Yolk
• In the Mammal's Ovum
• In the Bird's Ovum

The Blastoderm : its Structure and Relation to the Development of the Embryo

• Position and Extent
• Trilaminar Structure
• Relation of the Layers to Development
• Discovery of the Blastodermic Elements
• Short Outline of the more General Phenomena of Development of the Ovum
• Distinction of Embryonic and Peripheral Phenomena
• Intra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development
• Axial Rudiment of the Embryo

Cerebro-Spinal Axis

• The Notochord
• Protovertebrae
• Pleural Cleavage of the Lateral Parts of the Mesoblast
• Inflection of the Walls of the Body of the Embryo

The Cerebro-Spinal Nervous Centre

• The Nerves
• Organs of the Senses
• Vascular System
• Alimentary Canal
• Reproductive and Urinary Organs
• The Limbs
• Extra-Embryonic Phenomena of Development

Foetal Membranes

• The Yolk-Sac
• The Amnion
• The Allantois : Urinaiy Vesicle
• The Chorion
• Villi of the Chorion
• Endochorion or Vascular Layer of the Allantois
• Uteiiogestation : Placentation
• Incapsulation of the Ovum in the Decidua
• Earliest Observed Human Ova
• Formation of Decidua
• Structure of the Placenta
• Circulation of Blood in the Placenta
• Further Consideration of the Structure of the Placenta
• General Conclusion
• Separation at Birth and Eestoration of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus
• Development of Particular Organs and Systems

The Skeleton and Organs of Voluntary Motion

• Vertebral Column and Trunk Segmentation of the Protovertebrae
• Formation of Vertebral Matrices
• The Head
• The Cranium
• The Cranial Flexures
• Formation of the Mouth and
• Hypophysis Cerebri
• Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches
• Relations of Cranial Nerves
• Origin and Formation of the Limbs
• Development of the Muscles
• Formation of the Joints

Development of the Organs OF the Nervous System

• The Spinal Marrow
• The Brain or Encephalon
• General Phenomena of Development in Birds and Mammals
• Fartlier Development of the Brain in Man and Mammals
• Development of the Nerves
• Development of the Eye
• Development of the Nose

Development of the Alimentary Canal and Organs arising from the Hypoblast

• Alimentary Canal
• The Liver
• The Pancreas
• The Spleen, Lymphatic Glands, Thymus and Thyroid Glands

Development of the Lungs and Trachea Pleurae

• Pulmonary Vessels

Development of the Heart and Blood-Vessels

• Development of the Heart
• Origin of the Heart
• Division into single Auricle
• Ventricle, and Arteria Bulb
• Division of the Cavities
• Ventricles
• Division of the Auricles
• Division of the Arterial Bulb
• Formation of the Valves
• Development of the Blood Vessels
• The Principal Arteries : the Aorta
• Aortic or Branchial Arches
• Development of the Great Veins
• Peculiarities of the Foetal Organs of Circulation

* Course of the Blood in the Foetus 

• Changes in the Circulation at Birth

Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs

• Primary Formation of the UroGenital System
• Wolffian Bodies
• First Origin of the Wolffian Bodies
• Homologies of the Wolffian Body
• The External Organs
• Further History of the Developmentof the Uro-Genital Organs
• The Urinary Bladder and Urachus
• Genital Cord
• Reproductive Organs
• Reproductive Glands
• The Testicle
• The Ovary
• The Genital Passages

* The Female Passages 

• The Male Passages
• The Descent of the Testicles
• Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs
• Table of Corresponding Parts of Genito-Urinary Organs, and their Relation to Formative Rudiments

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1878 Elements of Anatomy: The Ovum | The Blastoderm | Fetal Membranes | Placenta | Musculoskeletal | Neural | Gastrointesinal | Respiratory | Cardiovascular | Urogenital

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Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages

Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Book - Quain's Elements of Anatomy. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Quain%27s_Elements_of_Anatomy

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G