https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&feed=atom&action=historyBook - Manual of Human Embryology 17-5 - Revision history2024-03-28T15:46:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=390694&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium */2019-11-21T06:58:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the duodenum usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{</ins>duodenum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}} </ins>usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler considered that the cause of the occlusion was the resistance exerted upon the expanding epithelium by the surrounding mesenchyma. He found that the diameter of the mesodermal tube of the duodenum increased very slowly in embryos from 7 to 15 mm., whereas from 15 to 20 mm. the increase is rapid. Forssner has confirmed this observation, and thinks it " not improbable that purely mechanical factors play a part in producing occlusions." Both Tandler and Forssner have compared the vacuolization in the duodenum with* that in the oesophagus.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler considered that the cause of the occlusion was the resistance exerted upon the expanding epithelium by the surrounding mesenchyma. He found that the diameter of the mesodermal tube of the duodenum increased very slowly in embryos from 7 to 15 mm., whereas from 15 to 20 mm. the increase is rapid. Forssner has confirmed this observation, and thinks it " not improbable that purely mechanical factors play a part in producing occlusions." Both Tandler and Forssner have compared the vacuolization in the duodenum with* that in the oesophagus.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles (diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles (diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum==</div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=384906&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* Vacuoles {Diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum */2019-07-21T03:07:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Vacuoles {Diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{Diverticula</del>) in the Jejunum and Ileum==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vacuoles <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(diverticula</ins>) in the Jejunum and Ileum==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The lower portion of the small intestine never presents a subdivided lumen such as is found in the duodenum, but its epithelium contains scattered vacuoles, which develop in a very characteristic manner. These vacuoles occur chiefly along the portion of the intestine found within the umbilical cord, and they are situated along the convex surface of the intestinal coils, opposite the mesenteric attachment.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The lower portion of the small intestine never presents a subdivided lumen such as is found in the duodenum, but its epithelium contains scattered vacuoles, which develop in a very characteristic manner. These vacuoles occur chiefly along the portion of the intestine found within the umbilical cord, and they are situated along the convex surface of the intestinal coils, opposite the mesenteric attachment.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestinal diverticula were described independently by Keibel (1905) and Lewis and Thyng (1908). Keibel noted and figured the two stages in their development (buds and diverticula) and recorded their presence in several mammals, including man. Lewis and Thyng described similar structures, but included with them certain more compact buds which occur chiefly on the dorsal wall of the intestine in the lower duodenal region. These were found frequently in the pig. In an 18.1 mm. human ernbryo there are two buds of this sort situated on the dorsal wall of the intestine as it turns forward to enter the umbilical cord. Lewis and Thyng compared the diverticula with somewhat similar structures found along various epithelial tubes, such as the mammalian bile-ducts and the large intestine in amphibia. They appear to be localized centres of cell proliferation, which either arise in the outer layers of the intestine or are due to the outward displacement of mitotic cells from the innermost layer. Thus mitotic figures appear to be limited to the inner laj^er and the diverticula, but their distribution requires further study. Elze (1909) has stated that a sharp distinction should be made between the dorsal diverticula of the upper intestine and the ventral diverticula which arise later lower down. He was the first to record the typical aboral growth of the latter. It is probable that the vacuoles of the cesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and intestine are comparable structures.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestinal diverticula were described independently by Keibel (1905) and Lewis and Thyng (1908). Keibel noted and figured the two stages in their development (buds and diverticula) and recorded their presence in several mammals, including man. Lewis and Thyng described similar structures, but included with them certain more compact buds which occur chiefly on the dorsal wall of the intestine in the lower duodenal region. These were found frequently in the pig. In an 18.1 mm. human ernbryo there are two buds of this sort situated on the dorsal wall of the intestine as it turns forward to enter the umbilical cord. Lewis and Thyng compared the diverticula with somewhat similar structures found along various epithelial tubes, such as the mammalian bile-ducts and the large intestine in amphibia. They appear to be localized centres of cell proliferation, which either arise in the outer layers of the intestine or are due to the outward displacement of mitotic cells from the innermost layer. Thus mitotic figures appear to be limited to the inner laj^er and the diverticula, but their distribution requires further study. Elze (1909) has stated that a sharp distinction should be made between the dorsal diverticula of the upper intestine and the ventral diverticula which arise later lower down. He was the first to record the typical aboral growth of the latter. It is probable that the vacuoles of the cesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and intestine are comparable structures.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The Formation of Villi==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The Formation of Villi==</div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=365299&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* The Development of the Small Intestine */2018-11-17T01:02:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Development of the Small Intestine</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Frederick Thomas Lewis.jpg|thumb|alt=Frederick Thomas Lewis|link=Embryology History - Frederic Lewis|Frederick Thomas Lewis (1875-1951)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Frederick Thomas Lewis.jpg|thumb|alt=Frederick Thomas Lewis|link=Embryology History - Frederic Lewis|Frederick Thomas Lewis (1875-1951)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By Frederick T. Lewis</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Embryology History - Frederic Lewis|</ins>Frederick T. Lewis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=365297&oldid=prevZ8600021 at 01:01, 17 November 20182018-11-17T01:01:56Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1000</del>). B, at 22.8 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">871</del>). C, at 30 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">913</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC1000}}</ins>). B, at 22.8 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC871}}</ins>). C, at 30 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC913}}</ins>).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 280.''' — Model of the duodenum of a 22.8 mm. embryo (Harvard Collection, Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">871</del>), seen in longitudinal section. X 120 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) In an embryo of 14.5 mm. there are three of these structures, all of which are near the bend of the primary loop of intestine. In a 16 mm. specimen seven were counted, and at 22.8 mm. thirty-two were present.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 280.''' — Model of the duodenum of a 22.8 mm. embryo (Harvard Collection, Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC871}}</ins>), seen in longitudinal section. X 120 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) In an embryo of 14.5 mm. there are three of these structures, all of which are near the bend of the primary loop of intestine. In a 16 mm. specimen seven were counted, and at 22.8 mm. thirty-two were present.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 281.''' — Cross sections of the epithelial tube of the intestine, showing the development of diverticula . X 130 diam. A-D, from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">871</del>). E and F, from an embryo of 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">913</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 281.''' — Cross sections of the epithelial tube of the intestine, showing the development of diverticula . X 130 diam. A-D, from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC871}}</ins>). E and F, from an embryo of 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC913}}</ins>).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_283.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_283.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 283.''' — Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del>([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">871</del>). B, from an embryo of 24 mm<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del>([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">24</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 283.''' — Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC871}}</ins>). B, from an embryo of 24 mm ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC24}}</ins>).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 285.''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">— </del>Diverticula of the duodenum. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.4</del>, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">839</del>). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 285.''' Diverticula of the duodenum. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A</ins>, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{HEC839}}</ins>). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=360059&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* The Development of the Small Intestine */2018-10-22T04:46:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Development of the Small Intestine</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:46, 22 October 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Intestine_Development|Intestine Development]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Intestine_Development|Intestine Development]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=The Development of the Small Intestine=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=The Development of the Small Intestine=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Frederick Thomas Lewis.jpg|thumb|alt=Frederick Thomas Lewis|link=Embryology History - Frederic Lewis|Frederick Thomas Lewis (1875-1951)]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FREDERIC </del>T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LEWIS.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frederick </ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lewis</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 871). C, at 30 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 913).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 871). C, at 30 mm. ([[Harvard Collection]], Series 913).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=263939&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* The Development of the Small Intestine */2017-01-12T02:31:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Development of the Small Intestine</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:31, 12 January 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early stages in the histogenesis of the small intestine are like those of the stomach, which have already been described. The further differentiation of the epithelial tube proceeds as follows : </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early stages in the histogenesis of the small intestine are like those of the stomach, which have already been described. The further differentiation of the epithelial tube proceeds as follows : </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. — </del>In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the duodenum usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins>Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the duodenum usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vacuoles {Diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. — </del>The lower portion of the small intestine never presents a subdivided lumen such as is found in the duodenum, but its epithelium contains scattered vacuoles, which develop in a very characteristic manner. These vacuoles occur chiefly along the portion of the intestine found within the umbilical cord, and they are situated along the convex surface of the intestinal coils, opposite the mesenteric attachment.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins>Vacuoles {Diverticula) in the Jejunum and Ileum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The lower portion of the small intestine never presents a subdivided lumen such as is found in the duodenum, but its epithelium contains scattered vacuoles, which develop in a very characteristic manner. These vacuoles occur chiefly along the portion of the intestine found within the umbilical cord, and they are situated along the convex surface of the intestinal coils, opposite the mesenteric attachment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig280"></div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig280"></div></div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=179031&oldid=prevZ8600021 at 08:21, 6 May 20152015-05-06T08:21:27Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:21, 6 May 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_279.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_279.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 279.''' — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 913).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 283.''' — Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). B, from an embryo of 24 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 24).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 283.''' — Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 871). B, from an embryo of 24 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 24).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cases vary greatly in degree, and include perforate iris-like folds or valves, complete membranes, and more or less extensive strictures and obliterations of the epithelial tube. Sometimes the muscularis passes smoothly around the blind ends of the divided intestine without extending from one to the other. Cases like that of Preisich (1903), in which, in a boy 6 days old, two valve-like folds were found in relation with the bile and pancreatic ducts, strikingly suggest the conditions in embryos between 15 and 25 mm., and certain of the congenital atresias and stenoses presumably arise at that stage.<ref>The 19 mm. embryo in the Harvard Collection, which has an abnormally shaped stomach with an accessory pancreas, shows also a distinct local constriction of the duodenal epithelium. There is an actual stenosis of the descending part of the duodenal loop.</ref> In other cases, discussed by Forssner, meconium has been found below a complete atresia. This indicates a late origin, possibly through the adhesion of valve-like folds. Moreover, atresia is found in portions of the small intestine where obliteration of the lumen does not normally occur. Such cases may represent the persistence of an abnormal embryological condition. Forssner thinks it probable that exceptionally an epithelial occlusion may be found in all parts of the embryonic intestine.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cases vary greatly in degree, and include perforate iris-like folds or valves, complete membranes, and more or less extensive strictures and obliterations of the epithelial tube. Sometimes the muscularis passes smoothly around the blind ends of the divided intestine without extending from one to the other. Cases like that of Preisich (1903), in which, in a boy 6 days old, two valve-like folds were found in relation with the bile and pancreatic ducts, strikingly suggest the conditions in embryos between 15 and 25 mm., and certain of the congenital atresias and stenoses presumably arise at that stage.<ref>The 19 mm. embryo in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, which has an abnormally shaped stomach with an accessory pancreas, shows also a distinct local constriction of the duodenal epithelium. There is an actual stenosis of the descending part of the duodenal loop.</ref> In other cases, discussed by Forssner, meconium has been found below a complete atresia. This indicates a late origin, possibly through the adhesion of valve-like folds. Moreover, atresia is found in portions of the small intestine where obliteration of the lumen does not normally occur. Such cases may represent the persistence of an abnormal embryological condition. Forssner thinks it probable that exceptionally an epithelial occlusion may be found in all parts of the embryonic intestine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_285.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_285.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 285.''' — Diverticula of the duodenum. .4, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 839). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fig. 285.''' — Diverticula of the duodenum. .4, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Harvard Collection<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Series 839). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td></tr>
</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=131690&oldid=prevZ8600021 at 11:08, 5 March 20142014-03-05T11:08:41Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:08, 5 March 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_279.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_279.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 279. — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 279.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_280.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_280.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 280. — Model of the duodenum of a 22.8 mm. embryo (Harvard Collection, Series 871), seen in longitudinal section. X 120 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) In an embryo of 14.5 mm. there are three of these structures, all of which are near the bend of the primary loop of intestine. In a 16 mm. specimen seven were counted, and at 22.8 mm. thirty-two were present.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 280.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Model of the duodenum of a 22.8 mm. embryo (Harvard Collection, Series 871), seen in longitudinal section. X 120 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) In an embryo of 14.5 mm. there are three of these structures, all of which are near the bend of the primary loop of intestine. In a 16 mm. specimen seven were counted, and at 22.8 mm. thirty-two were present.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestinal vacuoles are first indicated by a concentric arrangement of the basal nuclei, and in this stage they have been described as "buds" or " pearls.' 1 In the centre of such a bud a small cavity can often be detected (Fig. 281, A). In later stages the cavity communicates with the intestinal lumen, and the bud forms a knob-like basal projection (Fig. 281, B). These projections often have a somewhat constricted neck, and the overhanging portion may become asymmetrical, extending aborally along the intestine. Thus Fig. 281, C, is an aboral section of the diverticulum shown in B. Four of the thirty-two diverticula in the 22.8 mm. embryo project aborally. One diverticulum, longer than any of the others, extends laterally so that its tip penetrates the dense mesenchyma of the muscularis (Fig. 281, D). Usually they are in close relation with the epithelial layer, and they cause no disturbance in the course of the circular muscle fibres. In older embryos (Fig. 281, E and F) the folded appearance of the epithelium renders the detection of the diverticula more difficult. It is probable that, by the enlargement of their necks, some of them are incorporated in the general epithelial layer. Others, however, retain their identity. One of these was found and modelled by F. P. Johnson in an embryo of 134 mm., — a stage when the villi are well developed and the intestinal glands are being formed (Fig. 282). Some of the glands open into the base of the diverticulum. Around it the mesenchyma is dense and suggests the formation of lymphoid tissue. This is apparently the oldest embryo in which such a structure has been found, and they are not known to occur after birth.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestinal vacuoles are first indicated by a concentric arrangement of the basal nuclei, and in this stage they have been described as "buds" or " pearls.' 1 In the centre of such a bud a small cavity can often be detected (Fig. 281, A). In later stages the cavity communicates with the intestinal lumen, and the bud forms a knob-like basal projection (Fig. 281, B). These projections often have a somewhat constricted neck, and the overhanging portion may become asymmetrical, extending aborally along the intestine. Thus Fig. 281, C, is an aboral section of the diverticulum shown in B. Four of the thirty-two diverticula in the 22.8 mm. embryo project aborally. One diverticulum, longer than any of the others, extends laterally so that its tip penetrates the dense mesenchyma of the muscularis (Fig. 281, D). Usually they are in close relation with the epithelial layer, and they cause no disturbance in the course of the circular muscle fibres. In older embryos (Fig. 281, E and F) the folded appearance of the epithelium renders the detection of the diverticula more difficult. It is probable that, by the enlargement of their necks, some of them are incorporated in the general epithelial layer. Others, however, retain their identity. One of these was found and modelled by F. P. Johnson in an embryo of 134 mm., — a stage when the villi are well developed and the intestinal glands are being formed (Fig. 282). Some of the glands open into the base of the diverticulum. Around it the mesenchyma is dense and suggests the formation of lymphoid tissue. This is apparently the oldest embryo in which such a structure has been found, and they are not known to occur after birth.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig281"></div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig281"></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_281.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_281.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 281.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Cross sections of the epithelial tube of the intestine, showing the development of diverticula . X 130 diam. A-D, from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). E and F, from an embryo of 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 281. — Cross sections of the epithelial tube of the intestine, showing the development of diverticula . X 130 diam. A-D, from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). E and F, from an embryo of 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l51">Line 51:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_282.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_282.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 282. — Model of the intestinal epithelium from an embryo of 134 mm., showing villi, glands,, and, in the centre, a "flask-shaped gland." X 80 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 282.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Model of the intestinal epithelium from an embryo of 134 mm., showing villi, glands,, and, in the centre, a "flask-shaped gland." X 80 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l62">Line 62:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_283.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_283.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 283.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). B, from an embryo of 24 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 24).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 283. — Models showing the development of villi in the upper portion of the jejunum. X 110 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) A. from an embryo of 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). B, from an embryo of 24 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 24).</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l106">Line 106:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 103:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_284.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_284.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 284. — Model showing developing duodenal glands in an embryo of 240 mm. X 160 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 284.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Model showing developing duodenal glands in an embryo of 240 mm. X 160 diam. (After F. P. Johnson.) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Outer Layers==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Outer Layers==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l136">Line 136:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cases vary greatly in degree, and include perforate iris-like folds or valves, complete membranes, and more or less extensive strictures and obliterations of the epithelial tube. Sometimes the muscularis passes smoothly around the blind ends of the divided intestine without extending from one to the other. Cases like that of Preisich (1903), in which, in a boy 6 days old, two valve-like folds were found in relation with the bile and pancreatic ducts, strikingly suggest the conditions in embryos between 15 and 25 mm., and certain of the congenital atresias and stenoses presumably arise at that stage. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13 </del>In other cases, discussed by Forssner, meconium has been found below a complete atresia. This indicates a late origin, possibly through the adhesion of valve-like folds. Moreover, atresia is found in portions of the small intestine where obliteration of the lumen does not normally occur. Such cases may represent the persistence of an abnormal embryological condition. Forssner thinks it probable that exceptionally an epithelial occlusion may be found in all parts of the embryonic intestine<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cases vary greatly in degree, and include perforate iris-like folds or valves, complete membranes, and more or less extensive strictures and obliterations of the epithelial tube. Sometimes the muscularis passes smoothly around the blind ends of the divided intestine without extending from one to the other. Cases like that of Preisich (1903), in which, in a boy 6 days old, two valve-like folds were found in relation with the bile and pancreatic ducts, strikingly suggest the conditions in embryos between 15 and 25 mm., and certain of the congenital atresias and stenoses presumably arise at that stage.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>The 19 mm. embryo in the Harvard Collection, which has an abnormally shaped stomach with an accessory pancreas, shows also a distinct local constriction of the duodenal epithelium. There is an actual stenosis of the descending part of the duodenal loop.</ref> </ins>In other cases, discussed by Forssner, meconium has been found below a complete atresia. This indicates a late origin, possibly through the adhesion of valve-like folds. Moreover, atresia is found in portions of the small intestine where obliteration of the lumen does not normally occur. Such cases may represent the persistence of an abnormal embryological condition. Forssner thinks it probable that exceptionally an epithelial occlusion may be found in all parts of the embryonic intestine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 13 The 19 mm. embryo in the Harvard Collection, which has an abnormally shaped stomach with an accessory pancreas, shows also a distinct local constriction of the duodenal epithelium. There is an actual stenosis of the descending part of the duodenal loop</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Diverticula of the duodenum, especially near the outlets of the pancreatic ducts, are relatively common. According to Jach (1899), who found but one case in 200 bodies, Schiippel found seven instances in 45 bodies. They are generally round sacs, opening into the duodenum by clear-cut, circular orifices. Since they are not covered by the muscularis, but push their way through it, they have been described as hernias of the mucous membrane, and as false diverticula, in distinction from the true Meckel's diverticulum. The latter is covered by the muscular coats. Jach believes that they are generally pulsion diverticula, produced by the distention of the upper part of the duodenum following an obstruction lower down. The obstruction may be a cicatricial contraction, or the pressure from a displaced transverse colon. Their occurrence about the outlets of the bile and pancreatic ducts has been attributed to a deficiency in the muscularis where the ducts penetrate it. But Letulle (1899), who has described two cases, concludes that they are undoubtedly of early embryonic origin. Lewis and Thyng (1908) have stated that the diverticula observed in the embryo may possibly give rise to those in the adult. In Fig. 285 their drawing of a model of a duodenal diverticulum from a 13.6 mm. embiyo is placed beside Jackson's sketch of a large diverticulum, 3.5 cm. deep, found in a man of 50 (Jackson, 1908), and the correspondence in location is striking. It is possible that some of the duodenal diverticula are congenital, although apparently no case has yet been recorded at birth (Fischer, 1901).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Diverticula of the duodenum, especially near the outlets of the pancreatic ducts, are relatively common. According to Jach (1899), who found but one case in 200 bodies, Schiippel found seven instances in 45 bodies. They are generally round sacs, opening into the duodenum by clear-cut, circular orifices. Since they are not covered by the muscularis, but push their way through it, they have been described as hernias of the mucous membrane, and as false diverticula, in distinction from the true Meckel's diverticulum. The latter is covered by the muscular coats. Jach believes that they are generally pulsion diverticula, produced by the distention of the upper part of the duodenum following an obstruction lower down. The obstruction may be a cicatricial contraction, or the pressure from a displaced transverse colon. Their occurrence about the outlets of the bile and pancreatic ducts has been attributed to a deficiency in the muscularis where the ducts penetrate it. But Letulle (1899), who has described two cases, concludes that they are undoubtedly of early embryonic origin. Lewis and Thyng (1908) have stated that the diverticula observed in the embryo may possibly give rise to those in the adult. In Fig. 285 their drawing of a model of a duodenal diverticulum from a 13.6 mm. embiyo is placed beside Jackson's sketch of a large diverticulum, 3.5 cm. deep, found in a man of 50 (Jackson, 1908), and the correspondence in location is striking. It is possible that some of the duodenal diverticula are congenital, although apparently no case has yet been recorded at birth (Fischer, 1901).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig285"></div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div id="Fig285"></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_285.jpg|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Keibel_Mall_2_285.jpg|400px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 285. — Diverticula of the duodenum. .4, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 839). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Fig. 285.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>— Diverticula of the duodenum. .4, in an embryo of 13.6 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 839). X 55 diam. (From a model by F. W. Thyng.) B, in an adult. (After C. M. Jackson.) In B the outline of the pancreas is dotted. D. chol., common bile-duct; D. pane, d., duct of the dorsal pancreas; Div., diverticulum ; St., stomach.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally a single diverticulum has been found in the jejunum or in the ileum, but more often there are multiple diverticula. They occur usually in old people, and differ from those of the embryo in their greater relative size and larger number, in occurring only near the mesenteric attachment, and in their distribution which includes the colon. Like the diverticula of the oesophagus, they have been found in relation with the blood-vessels, and have been attributed both to traction by the vessels and to pulsion along the path of the veins as they cross the musculature to enter the mesentery. Hansemann (1896) has produced them experimentally by distending the intestine with water. It is improbable, as stated by Elze (1909), that there is any genetic connection between such structures and the diverticula of the embryo.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several small oval cysts have been found by F. P. Johnson among the duodenal villi of a 7 months' embryo. They appear to be distended with mucus, derived from the small group of glands emptying into their basal portions. The epithelium which lines the cysts is separated from the surface epithelium by a thin layer of connective tissue. These structures resemble the cystic glands which Stohr (1898) has figured in the vermiform process of a 5 months' embryo. The closure of the neck of the flask-shaped gland shown in Fig. 282 would apparently produce a similar structure.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several small oval cysts have been found by F. P. Johnson among the duodenal villi of a 7 months' embryo. They appear to be distended with mucus, derived from the small group of glands emptying into their basal portions. The epithelium which lines the cysts is separated from the surface epithelium by a thin layer of connective tissue. These structures resemble the cystic glands which Stohr (1898) has figured in the vermiform process of a 5 months' embryo. The closure of the neck of the flask-shaped gland shown in Fig. 282 would apparently produce a similar structure.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=130696&oldid=prevZ8600021 at 12:01, 18 February 20142014-02-18T12:01:31Z<p></p>
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</table>Z8600021https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-5&diff=130448&oldid=prevZ8600021: /* The Development of the Small Intestine */2014-02-13T02:23:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Development of the Small Intestine</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:23, 13 February 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early stages in the histogenesis of the small intestine are like those of the stomach, which have already been described. The further differentiation of the epithelial tube proceeds as follows : Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium. — In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the duodenum usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early stages in the histogenesis of the small intestine are like those of the stomach, which have already been described. The further differentiation of the epithelial tube proceeds as follows : </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vacuoles in the Duodenal Epithelium. — In embryos of 6.5 and 7 mm. the duodenum usually presents a well-defined round lumen, bounded by a 2-3 layered epithelium. In slightly older embryos the epithelium proliferates, and vacuoles are formed within it, especially on the dorsal and right sides of the tube. Later the proliferating epithelium bridges and subdivides the original lumen, as seen in the section of a 10 mm. embryo, Fig. 279, A. Of the three cavities found in this section, the upper one is a vacuole, and the two lower ones are parts of the original lumen. In this embryo there is still a continuous passage from the stomach to the jejunum. The outer surface of the epithelial tube is generally smooth, but occasionally at this stage — niore frequently in somewhat older embryos — the masses of cells surrounding the vacuoles produce local bulgings of the basement membrane. At 22.8 mm. (Fig. 279, B) the outpocketings are so numerous that the epithelium appears folded, and mesenchyma has begun to extend inward between the pockets or folds. In sections the vacuoles cannot be distinguished from the main lumen. A model of the duodenum of this embryo, made by F. P. Johnson, shows that the passage from the stomach to the jejunum is completely blocked by epithelial septa (Fig. 280). At 30 mm. (Fig. 279, C) the vacuoles begin to become confluent so that a central lumen is re-established. The projections between the vacuoles remain as the foundations of villi.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 279. — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fig. 279. — Cross sections of the duodenal epithelium. X 130 diam. A, at 10 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 1000). B, at 22.8 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 871). C, at 30 mm. (Harvard Collection, Series 913).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tandler (1900) was the first to recognize that the duodenal lumen, in embryos from " 30 to 60 days," is normally "more or less completely " obliterated. In an 8.5 mm. specimen he recorded a complete obliteration between the outlets of the duct of the dorsal pancreas and the common bile-duet. At 14.5 mm., when the proliferation is at its maximum, he found that the bile and pancreatic ducts emptied into closed cavities, and that below them the duodenal epithelium formed a solid cord of cells. Forssner (1907) likewise found that, in places, the lumen was completely obliterated in embryos of 11.7, 14, and 22.7 mm. ; and at 30.5 mm he described transverse septa dividing the lumen into compartments. Other embryos, of 18.5, 21, and 31 mm. respectively, showed no epithelial vacuoles or occlusions. Schridde (1908) failed to find a solid stage.</div></td></tr>
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